The deployment of complex structures under explosive driving is a key issue in the directional process of deployable directional warheads. Effectively controlling the deployment process is beneficial for controlling the detonation delay and improving the utilization rate of fragments. For the deployment problem of complex structures, based on the JWL equation of state and the second-order Lagrange equation, an explosive driving deployment model considering the expansion process of detonation products and the target hit state is derived from energy conservation. The calculation results of the driving deployment model are compared with the experiment results in the literature, and the accuracy of the calculation results of the explosive driving deployment model is verified. The results show that the theoretical results of the model are in good agreement with the experiment results, and can accurately predict the deployment time of structures under different charge amounts. By controlling the mass ratio of auxiliary charge 1 to auxiliary charge 2 at 1.5−1.7, the structure can be deployed to achieve optimal hit posture, which is more conducive to hitting the target. The research results can enrich the design theory of directional warheads and provide a reference for the design of deployable directional warheads.

Energetic materials are widely used in military, civilian, aerospace and various other fields, and their physicochemical properties will change significantly under extreme conditions. It is of great significance to predict and optimize the performance of energetic materials through simulation research, including performance prediction, optimal design, safety assessment, cost and efficiency control, etc. This article reviews the research background, basic properties, methods of simulation research and progress, key issues and related experimental research progress of energetic materials under extreme conditions. Among them, simulation methods such as quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo and the finite element method and their research progress are introduced in detail, the key issues in simulation research under extreme conditions such as high pressure, high temperature, laser action and interface effect are elaborated, and the experimental research progress of energetic materials in impact sensitivity, chemical energy release law, 3D printing, green electro-synthesis, detonation mechanism and the synthesis of ultra-high energy materials is listed. By selecting representative research, the applications and solutions of simulation research in practical problems are demonstrated. At the same time, some of the latest research results are introduced to reflect the latest progress and future trends in this field. In addition, the implementation methods of interdisciplinary research and the safety issues of energetic materials under extreme conditions are discussed in detail, including possible risks and preventive measures.

Studying the impact initiation radiation and temperature of polymer bonded explosives in the shock wave flow is crucial for understanding and predicting their reaction kinetics and detonation behavior. This work uses the two-stage light gas gun for shock loading, transient radiation pyrometer temperature measurement, and laser displacement interference system, to study the thermal radiation characteristics of the polymer bonded explosive/lithium fluoride window interface and its correlation with the interface pressure. This work optimized the polymer bonded explosives sample preparation method, significantly suppressed the luminous background of the wrapped gas and interface gap, and provided interface radiance data and interface temperature data. The results show that the time attenuation characteristics of the interface temperature during two consecutive impact loading processes are closely related to the isentropic expansion behavior of the reaction products, and the interface temperature reflects the temperature evolution behavior of the products at the interface. It provides a feasible technical way to directly obtained the reaction product temperature of heterogeneous composite explosives during the ignition reaction and energy release.

To enhance the heat-resistant performance of on-site mixed emulsion explosives, four kinds of on-site mixed emulsion explosive matrix samples were prepared by adding ammonium formate with different concentrations into corresponding aqueous phase system, respectively. The fluidity, viscoelasticity, viscosity-temperature, and thermal decomposition properties of the four kinds of samples were investigated through rotational rheometer and synchronous thermal analyzer. The results revealed that the addition of ammonium formate increases the viscosity of the on-site mixed emulsion matrix, and the viscosity of the four kinds of samples exhibits a trend of first increase and then decrease with the increase of ammonium formate mass fraction. Compared with the sample without ammonium formate, the addition of ammonium formate improve the elastic modulus of the emulsion matrix and enhances its stability. When the mass fraction of ammonium formate is not greater than 9%, the viscosity of the emulsion matrix at around 50 ℃ meets the pumping requirements. The addition of ammonium formate shows no significant influence on the thermal decomposition process of the emulsion matrix. However, as ammonium formate mass fraction increases, the extrapolated initial decomposition temperature, activation energy, thermal explosion critical temperature, as well as self-accelerating decomposition temperature all increase, leading to improved thermal stability and thermal safety of the on-site mixed emulsion matrix.

As a new alternative fuel, ethanol/methane/hydrogen (C₂H₅OH/CH₄/H₂) is of great significance for the sustainable development of new energy in China. The effects of different equivalence ratios (0.8−1.4), initial pressures (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 MPa) and initial temperatures (370, 400 and 450 K) on key explosion characteristics such as peak explosion pressure, peak explosion pressure rise rate, explosion time and deflagration index were analyzed from the experimental and chemical kinetics perspectives. The results show that the explosion characteristic parameters exhibit extreme values when the equivalence ratios between 1.2 and 1.3. The peak explosion pressure is positively correlated with initial pressure and negatively correlated with initial temperature, and this correlation is linear. With the increase in initial pressure, the crack and cytochemical degree of the flame front deepened, and the peak explosion pressure increased. In addition, the maximum deflagration index evaluated under experimental conditions was 20.83 MPa·m/s, indicating that the combustion of premixed fuel/air was at a relatively safe level. The reaction sensitivity analysis of the motives showed that the deflagration reaction was closely related to the H and OH radicals, and R1, R8, R24 and R96 were the top four motif reactions that had the most important impact on the explosion reaction intensity. This work can provide a valuable reference for the application of C₂H₅OH/CH₄/H₂ ternary mixed fuel in actual combustion units, the evaluation of fuel safety, and the prevention of explosion accidents.

The magnetically driven solid liner experiments on the FP-2 device were simulated and analyzed based on the incompressible theoretical model. The simulation results show that the boundary magnetic induction strength formula for the magnetically driven solid liner of the reflux hood structure contains a liner current coefficient of less than 1, regardless of whether it is a two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theoretical model or other incompressibility theoretical models. The current coefficient law of the magnetically driven solid liner experiment on the FP-2 was studied by simulating the magnetically driven solid liner experiment with different thickness and radii. The current coefficient of magnetically driven solid liner experiment is not only related to the liner’s inner radius, but also to the liner’s thickness. The larger the inner radius of the liner, the smaller the current coefficient, and the larger the thickness of the liner, the smaller the current coefficient. Exploring the current coefficient law in magnetically driven solid liner experiment with reflux hood structure can make the MHD code develop from post-simulation to accurate prediction. And the MHD theoretical model can be employed to design correctly and guide the related experiments of magnetically driven solid liner with a reflux hood structure.

To study the impact of the content of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the damage evolution and crack propagation in concrete beams, concrete three-point bending beam specimens containing 0, 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% CNTs were prepared. The three-point bending tests were conducted by using the YNS300 electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine equipped with an acoustic emission (AE) testing system. Acoustic information such as AE energy, ringing count, and amplitude were obtained. The crack type and damage evolution process were analyzed based on AE parameters. The results show that the AE energy of carbon nanotube concrete (CNTC) three-point bending beam is significantly higher than that of plain concrete beams. However, as the content of carbon nanotubes increases, the AE energy generated during failure gradually decreases. The addition of CNTs can improve the bearing capacity of concrete beam. However, after exceeding a certain threshold, the load-bearing capacity decreases as the CNTs increases. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes advances the time of the first amplitude mutation in the concrete three-point bending beams. Prior to the failure of the specimens, the ringing count and cumulative ringing count increase slowly, approximating a straight line. However, at the instant of specimen fracture, both of them rise sharply. The AE signal sources belong to the tensile crack. The fracture of carbon nanotube-reinforced concrete three-point bending beams is classified as Mode Ⅰ fracture. There is no significant relationship between the proportions of tensile-shear cracks and the CNTs content. However, the number of AE average frequency and angle of rise of signal sources is significantly correlated with the CNTs content. The damage evolution law of concrete beam samples with different CNTs is basically consistent. In the early stage of the test, the damage curve is basically horizontal, and the damage variable in the failure stage is in a rapid growth stage at first, and then abruptly increases.

In order to explore the failure mechanism of the electronic control module inside the electronic detonator under impact load during the postponement state, a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiment was conducted on the electronic detonator specimens under high overload loading. The failure conditions of the overall electronic control module and the remaining electronic control modules separated from the tantalum capacitors were obtained under different levels of loading experiments. The results indicate that the tantalum capacitor exhibited a voltage drop phenomenon at an overload of 1.495×10⁵g, with a more pronounced short-circuit failure as the overload increased. Within a certain overload range, the tantalum capacitor᾽s unique self-healing properties allow it to return to its initial level rapidly. However, when the overload exceeded the critical threshold of 3.848×10⁵g, the tantalum capacitor was irreversibly damaged. The overload resistance of other components within the module is stronger than that of the capacitor. The chip detected an anomaly after an overload of 4.155×10⁵g, while the failure of the resistor components occurs at an overload of over 4.249×10⁵g.

In order to solve the problem of poor overall blasting effect when using pre-splitting blasting technology in Beiya gold mine, based on RHT damage constitutive model, numerical simulation research on pre-splitting blasting under different hole spacings was carried out by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA numerical simulation software. The results show that when the hole spacing of pre-splitting hole is set to 120 cm, the crack between holes has obvious bifurcation and the crack propagation range is large. When the hole spacing is set to 130 cm, the crack propagation range decreases within the surrounding area, and the rock damage around the blast hole is obviously reduced. When the hole spacing is further increased to 140 cm, it is found that the cracks on the connecting line of adjacent pre-splitting holes are only locally connected and cannot penetrate through holes. It shows that the 130 cm hole spacing has reached an ideal balance between reducing the disturbance of the pre-splitting blasting itself to the rock mass and achieving effective blasting. Based on the results of numerical simulation, the site test has achieved good blasting effect. The research results can provide reference for the design and construction of pre-splitting blasting in similar mines.