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Structural Phase Transition of Single-Crystalline Iron under Shock Loading along the [110] Direction: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Based on Different Potential Functions
WU Meiqi, ZHAN Jinhui, LI Jiangtao, WANG Kun, LIU Xiaoxing
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251037
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Single-crystal iron is a prototypical system for studying the dynamic behavior of metallic materials under shock loading, which is of great significance in high-pressure phase transition research due to its phase transformation mechanisms and mechanical response characteristics. In this work, molecu...
Anti-Explosion Performance of Composite Blast-Resistant Walls Containing an Aluminum Foam Energy-Absorbing Layer
NIU Yining, WU Yue, WANG Tiangen, LI Gan
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251027
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In order to study the impact of aluminum foam energy-absorbing layer on the concrete blast wall, using LS-dyna to simulate the dynamic response of the composite explosion-proof wall containing foam aluminum energy-absorbing layer, analyze the effects of the structural parameters of the aluminum foam...
Synthesis of Platinum-Group Metal Nitride OsNx through High-Pressure Coupling Reaction
LIU Depu, ZHANG Hengyuan, TAO Yu, JIA Xu, ZHANG Ruike, HE Duanwei, LEI Li
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251020
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Platinum-group metals (PGMs) nitrides are a new class of super incompressible superhard materials, which are usually synthesized at high temperatures and pressures (>45 GPa, 2000 K) with the help of laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) technology through the monatomic elemental chemistry reaction...
Research Progress on the Ultra-High Pressure Preparation of Typical Transition Metal Carbides (Group ⅣB~ⅥB)
HE Ruiqi, CENG Yingying, LENG Haojie, WANG Runji, PENG Fang, LIANG Hao, FANG Leiming
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251039
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Owing to the strong covalent bonds and metallic properties, transition metal carbides have excellent properties such as high hardness, high melting point, high electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance, and have promising applications in extreme environments including aerospace and machining...
Effect of Metal Oxides on the Combustion Characteristics of Al-based Thermite
CAI Yue, LIU Xueli, HE Chuan, LIU Jinxu
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240956
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To explore the influence of various metal oxides on the combustion behavior of Al-based thermites, five metal oxides (Bi2O3, Fe2O3, MnO2, CuO, and MoO3), were selected and synthesized via a liquid-phase mixing method. The combustion characteristics, including reaction energy, self-propagating combus...
Research on the stick-slip and dynamic interface friction mechanism for fiber winding
QU Yunxiang, WANG Pengfei, WU Yangfan, WANG Deya, XU Songlin
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240953
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Fiber winding can increase the friction coefficient of interface of rope, thus increase the security and stability of the entire mechanical system. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism behind this system is still not clear, especially about velocity-dependency stick-slip model. An experiment system ...
Elastic Wave Velocity of Brucite and Its Implications for Water Cycling in Subduction Zones
ZHANG Rui, WANG Duojun, CAI Nao
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251026
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Brucite is one of the important constituent minerals of saturated water peridotite in subduction zones, whose volume fraction reaches up to 15 vol%. Therefore, investigating the elastic wave velocities of brucite under high pressure is crucial for understanding the composition, velocity structure, a...
Influence of Silicon Nitride Content on Explosive Performance of Bulk Emulsion Explosive
ZHU Zhengde, LIU Feng, KUANG Zhao, FU Jiakun
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251031
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Silicon nitride, with high nitrogen content, was added to improve the explosive performance of bulk emulsion explosive. Air blast experiments, detonation velocity tests, and lead column compression experiments were conducted to assess the impact of silicon nitride content on the air shock wave param...
Numerical Simulation of Rubberized Metaconcrete under Impact Load
ZHOU Rongxin, LIU Ye
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251005
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To enhance the dynamic performance of existing concrete-like materials, rubber aggregates were incorporated into a metaconcrete matrix to create a novel impact-resistant material, and the dynamic response of its mesoscopic mechanical model under impact load was simulated. Initially, the content, gra...
Mechanical behavior analysis of porous nested structures with negative Poisson's ratio
BAI Junzhe, LI Xinbo, DENG Qingtian, SONG Xueli, ZHAO Jianhua
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251021
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The deformation behavior and energy absorption characteristics of multilayer nested internal concave hexagonal monoclonal structures and tandem structures with different angles, spacing and connection modes are analyzed by using quasi-static uniaxial compression experiments, cyclic compression exper...
Dynamic Response Characteristics of Bridge Pile Foundation Structure Subjected to Blasting Vibration of Canal Excavation
HE Junhui, CHENG Tiejun, CHENG Chen, LIU Xianlin, JIANG Nan, SHAO Yu, LIU Yang
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251025
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Blasting excavation is an important construction method to improve the efficiency of canal channel expansion, but the blasting vibration effect caused by it may have adverse effects on the substructure of existing waterways. In order to clarify the dynamic response characteristics of the bridge subs...
A Dynamic Constitutive Model for Shear Thickening Fluid Impregnated Kevlar Fabric
YE Yichen, WEN Heming
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240968
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Shear thickening Fluid (STF) impregnated Kevlar fabric is a new type of composite materials which has better impact resistance as compared with neat Kevlar fabric. On the basis of previous work, a dynamic constitutive model for STF impregnated Kevlar fabric is firstly developed by introducing dynami...
The response characteristics and deformation mechanism of sandwich tubes under lateral explosive loads
YANG Qiao, ZHANG Tianhui, LIU Zhifang, LEI Jianyin, LI Shiqiang
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251017
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The dynamic response and energy absorption performance of foam aluminum sandwich tubes under lateral explosive loads were systematically investigated using a combination of experimental research and numerical simulation. A series of lateral explosion experiments were conducted using a ballistic pend...
Rock burst prediction based on data preprocessing and improved sparrow algorithm
ZHANG Ding, ZHOU Zonghong
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240964
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To solve the problems of outlier samples, unbalanced samples, and local optimum of sparrow search algorithm in machine learning rockburst prediction, this paper established a rockburst prediction model from two perspectives of data preprocessing and algorithm improvement. First, based on lithology c...
Preparation, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mo and Cocrfenimn High Entropy Alloy Hard Coating Layer
CUI Kaijie, WANG Jiangang, WANG Hefeng, XING Xuegang, XIAO Gesheng, JIA Yiwei
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240966
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To address the issue of low hardness and limited service life of Invar alloy in practical applications, this study employs the double-glow plasma surface alloying (DGPSA) technique to fabricate Mo and CoCrFeNiMn hard coatings on the surface of Invar alloy. The phase structure, microstructure, and el...
Study and Preliminary Application of the Equation of State of C3N4
CHEN Yulan, PEI Hongbo, GUO Wencan, LIU Fusheng, GAN Yundan, LI Xinghan
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251006
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C3N4 has a wide range of applications in the synthesis of superhard materials and photocatalysis materials, but its phase transitions and physical behaviors under high pressure and high temperature conditions are not fully understood. Therefore, it is necessary to study its thermochemical equation o...
Interface proximity effect on the evolution of a shock-accelerated heavy gas cylinder
YANG Huanhuan, ZHANG Enlai, LI Xinzhu, ZOU Liyong
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251008
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To uncover the interface proximity effect arising from the interaction between shock wave and near-surface hole, defect, as well as impurity in material in practical application, a simplified mechanism study on the influence of downstream planar heavy-light interfaces on the evolution of a shock-acc...
Sensitivity Analysis and Determination of Some Parameters of the Rock RHT Model
LI Hongchao, WANG Fuqi, ZHANG Ji, LIANG Rui, WEN Yiming
 doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240965
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The RHT model (Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma model) is extensively used in the numerical simulation and analysis of phenomena such as explosive impacts and penetration.The accuracy of the simulation results is primarily dependent on the constitutive model and the parameter values used within it.To perform ...
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2025, 39(4)  
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2025, 39(4): 1-2.  
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Cover Feature
Shock Parameter Measurement of Sub-Micrometer Aluminum Driven by Laser Using Frequency Domain Interferometer
TAO Tianjiong, WENG Jidong, WANG Xiang, LIU Shenggang, MA Heli, LI Chengjun, JIA Xing, CHEN Long, WU Jian, TANG Longhuang, CHEN Yongchao
2025, 39(4): 040101.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240967
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For aluminum films with submicron thickness deposited on quartz substrates, femtosecond laser pulses (35 fs pulse width, 0.5 mJ energy, and a central wavelength of 800 nm) were focused on the surface to induce rapid thermal expansion through laser ab...

High Pressure Technology
Improvement of Lattice Parameter Accuracy in Single Crystal XRD Based on a Laser-Induced X-Ray Source
LIU Jin, WANG Qiannan, LI Jiangtao
2025, 39(4): 043401.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240946
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The lattice parameter, measured with sufficient accuracy, can be utilized to evaluate the quality of single crystals and to determine the equation of state for materials. We propose an iterative method for obtaining more precise lattice parameters us...

Dynamic Response of Matter
Dynamic Response Experiment of Prefabricated Wall Panels for a Whole-Indoor Substation under Blast Loading
LI Lin, LIU Yong, WEI Zhenzhong, MA Xiaomin, LEI Jianyin, LI Shiqiang
2025, 39(4): 044101.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240873
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A novel prefabricated wall panel structure for substations was developed by integrating fiber cement board, aluminum honeycomb plate, and aluminum alloy plate. The dynamic response characteristics of the structure under explosive loads were investiga...

Numerical Study on Response of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Subjected to High-Velocity Projectile Perforation
ZHOU Tao, LIU Yijun, WANG Zihao, YANG Kaihua
2025, 39(4): 044201.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240868
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Magnesium alloys have been widely utilized in the automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries. In this paper, a dynamic constitutive model for metal was developed and integrated into a VUMAT user subroutine to precisely predict the behavior of ...

Indentation Behavior of CoCrFeNiMn High-Entropy Alloys under Dynamic Loads
WU Kunkun, LIU Cong, SU Buyun, QIU Ji, SHU Xuefeng, KANG Zhengdong
2025, 39(4): 044202.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20251002
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To address the challenge of evaluating the internal stress of materials or structures in service environments, a method combining finite element analysis and micro-indentation testing is proposed. Taking the CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy as the resea...

High Pressure Applications
Effect of Charge Defects on the Fast Cook-off Response Characteristics of Cast PBX Explosive Charge
LIANG Mingyang, ZHI Xiaoqi, YU Yongli, XIAO You
2025, 39(4): 045101.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240893
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To study the effect of explosive charge defects on fast cook-off response characteristics, fast cook-off tests were conducted on type Ⅰ cook-off bomb (with defect-free charges) and type Ⅱ cook-off bomb (with defective charges). The results showed tha...

Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Dissolution Temperature of Ammonium Nitrate and the Explosive Performance of Expanded Ammonium Nitrate Explosives
LI Yan, CUI Xiaorong, LI Rui, WANG Quan, HU Minghang, SUN Rui, CHEN Yajing
2025, 39(4): 045102.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240914
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In order to explore the influence of inorganic salts on the dissolution temperature of ammonium nitrate and the explosive performance of expanded ammonium nitrate explosives, the inorganic salts of 2%, 4% and 6% of NaCl, KCl, NaNO3 and KNO3 respectiv...

Coupling Inhibition Effects of Dry Water Modified by Potassium Carbonate and Hexafluoropropane on Methane Explosion
WANG Tao, MENG Fan, YI Weizhai, TIAN Xiaoyue, LI Ruikang, SU Bin, LIU Litao, LUO Zhenmin
2025, 39(4): 045301.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240927
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Explosion suppression technology plays a vital role in reducing the hazardous effect of gas explosion incidents. This study aimed to investigate the explosion suppression effect of two-phase composite inhibitor mixtures of hexafluoropropane and dry w...

Effect of CFRP Layers on the Energy Evolution of Axial Compressed Cylindrical Coal Based on Particle Flow Software
LI Qingwen, PAN Chuangchuang, ZHANG Xuelei, ZHONG Yuqi, LI Ling, NIE Fanfan, LI Wenxia, XU Mengjiao
2025, 39(4): 045302.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20240931
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To investigate the effects of different layers of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) on the mechanical properties and energy evolution of axially compressed cylindrical coal samples, the finite difference method-discrete element method (FDM-DEM) ...

Experimental Study of the Effect of Shear Stress on Phase Transition in c-Axis CdS Single Crystal under Dynamic Loading
TANG Zhi-Ping, Gupta Y M
1989, 3(4): 290-297 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.1989.04.005
[Abstract](13697) [PDF 8643KB](2236)
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For a long time, the problem whether shear stress affects the phase transition initial pressure is not well solved. Duvall and Graham suggested that cadmium sulfide (CdS) crystal could be used to study the effect of shear stress on the initial pressure of phase transition in c-axis CdS single crysta...
Flattening of Cylindrical Shells under External Uniform Pressure at Creep
Shesterikov S A, Lokochtchenko A M
1992, 6(4): 247-253 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.1992.04.002
[Abstract](9593) [PDF 2836KB](1983)
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Experimental studies of the deformation of cylindrical shells under creep to fracture conditions are described in this paper. Analyses of three series of test shells are given and experimental and theoretical results are compared with each other.
The Generation of 90 GPa Quasi-Hydrostatic Pressures and the Measurements of Pressure Distribution
LIU Zhen-Xian, CUI Qi-Liang, ZOU Guang-Tian
1989, 3(4): 284-289 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.1989.04.004
[Abstract](15583) [PDF 6073KB](2649)
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Quasi-hydrostatic pressures up to 90 GPa were obtained at room temperature in the diamond cell by using solid argon as pressure medium. The pressure distribution was determined by measuring the special shift of the R1 line of ruby at different positions within the sample chamber. Experimental result...
A Study on Calculation of the Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Metals
ZHENG Wei-Tao, DING Tao, ZHONG Feng-Lan, ZHANG Jian-Min, ZHANG Rui-Lin
1994, 8(4): 302-305 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.1994.04.010
[Abstract](16258) [PDF 1350KB](1139)
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Based on the expression of pressure at temperature T and in terms of the universal equation of state Debye model and the thermodynamic relations, a general expression for the calculation of the linear thermal expansion coefficients of metals is obtained. This formula applied to the calculation of Al...
Development of Large Volume-High Static Pressure Techniques Based on the Hinge-Type Cubic Presses
WANG Hai-Kuo, HE Duan-Wei, XU Chao, GUAN Jun-Wei, WANG Wen-Dan, KOU Zi-Li, PENG Fang
2013, 27(5): 633-661.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2013.05.001
[Abstract](14396) [PDF 12118KB](1049)
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The large volume press (LVP) becomes more and more popular with the scientific and technological workers in the high pressure area, because it could generate relatively higher pressure, provide better hydrostatic pressure and could be utilized in conjunction with in situ X-ray diffraction, neutron d...
Research on Deformation Shape of Deformable Warhead
GONG Bai-Lin, LU Fang-Yun, LI Xiang-Yu
2010, 24(2): 102-106 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2010.02.004
[Abstract](8483) [PDF 1765KB](353)
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Basing on the detonation theory, the structure of the deformable warhead was simplified to be double layer cylindrical shells under the detonation. Plastic hinges were introduced into the loading section of the shell, which contacted with the deforming charge, and the deforming charge was divided in...
The Failure Strength Parameters of HJC and RHT Concrete Constitutive Models
ZHANG Ruo-Qi, DING Yu-Qing, TANG Wen-Hui, RAN Xian-Wen
2011, 25(1): 15-22 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2011.01.003
[Abstract](17607) [PDF 689KB](1035)
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The analyzed and calculated results indicate that the concrete failure strength will decrease under higher hydrostatic pressure, when the original failure parameters of HJC and RHT models implemented in LS-DYNA and AUTODYN are adopted. A new method is introduced which using the characteristic streng...
Recent Progresses in Some Fields of High-Pressure Physics Relevant to Earth Sciences Achieved by Chinese Scientists
LIU Xi, DAI Li-Dong, DENG Li-Wei, FAN Da-Wei, LIU Qiong, NI Huai-Wei, SUN Qiang, WU Xiang, YANG Xiao-Zhi, ZHAI Shuang-Meng, ZHANG Bao-Hua, ZHANG Li, LI He-Ping
2017, 31(6): 657-681.   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2017.06.001
[Abstract](11378) [FullText HTML](4815) [PDF 2527KB](4815)
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In the last 10 years or so, nearly all major Chinese universities, schools and research institutes with strong Earth science programs showed strong interest in developing a new research branch of High-Pressure Earth Sciences.As a result, many young Chinese scientists with good training from the univ...

Modification of Tuler-Butcher Model with Damage Influence
JIANG Dong, LI Yong-Chi, GUO Yang
2009, 23(4): 271-276 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2009.04.006
[Abstract](10924) [PDF 402KB](815)
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A modificatin of Tuler-Butcher model including damage influence was presented, which was incorporated into a hydrodynamic one-dimensional finite difference computer code, to simulate the process of spall fracture of 45 steel and Al-Li alloy. The calculated results are in good agreement with experime...
Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Cylindrical Explosive Isostatic Pressing
CHEN Lang, LU Jian-Ying, ZHANG Ming, HAN Chao, FENG Chang-Gen
2008, 22(2): 113-117 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2008.02.001
[Abstract](13779) [PDF 1180KB](849)
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The experiments of cylindrical explosive isostatic pressing were carried out. The internal temperatures in pressed explosives were measured by thermocouples. A thermal/structural coupled model of the explosive isostatic pressing was set up. The numerical simulations of cylindrical explosive were con...
Perimeter-Area Relation of Fractal Island
LONG Qi-Wei
1990, 4(4): 259-262 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.1990.04.004
[Abstract](15816) [PDF 1508KB](2372)
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The relationship of perimeter with area (P/A relation) of fractal island is discussed. It is shown that Mandelbrot's fractal relation between Koch perimeter and area does not hold in the island with finite self-similar generations. This might be the reason why the fractal dimension measured with P/A...
Long-Distance Flight Performances of Spherical Fragments
TAN Duo-Wang, WEN Dian-Ying, ZHANG Zhong-Bin, YU Chuan, XIE Pan-Hai
2002, 16(4): 271-275 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2002.04.006
[Abstract](14377) [PDF 2450KB](900)
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Using two-stage light gas gun and laser technique for velocity easurement, we studied the long-distance flight performances of spherical fragments with different materials and different diameters. The flight distance is 60~120 m, and the initial velocity is 1.2~2.2 km/s. The experimental results sho...
Design of the Sample Assembly for Ultrasonic Measurement at High Pressure and 300 K in Six-Side Anvil Cell
WANG Qing-Song, WANG Zhi-Gang, BI Yan
2006, 20(3): 331-336 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2006.03.019
[Abstract](11009) [PDF 411KB](675)
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We introduced briefly the principle of design of sample assembly for ultrasonic measurements at high pressure, and designed a new kind of sample assembly to measure the isothermal compression of Al and Cu at 300 K. Ideal quasi-hydrostatic loading was realized, and high-quality ultrasonic signals wer...
Factors Analysis of Debris Cloud's Shape of Hypervelocity Impact
TANG Mi, BAI Jing-Song, LI Ping, ZHANG Zhan-Ji
2007, 21(4): 425-432 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2007.04.016
[Abstract](13528) [PDF 1599KB](764)
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The numerical simulations of hypervelocity impact of Al-spheres on bumper at normal are carried out using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) technique. The simulation results are compared with experimental results, and the simulated hole diameters of bumper and debris cloud are well consisten...
Design and Temperature Calibration for Heater Cell of Split-Sphere High Pressure Apparatus Based on the Hinge-Type Cubic-Anvil Press
CHEN Xiao-Fang, HE Duan-Wei, WANG Fu-Long, ZHANG Jian, LI Yong-Jun, FANG Lei-Ming, LEI Li, KOU Zi-Li
2009, 23(2): 98-104 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2009.02.004
[Abstract](15042) [PDF 4054KB](869)
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A new type of heater cell for the split-sphere high pressure apparatus based on the hinge-type cubic-anvil press was reported. This heating apparatus has the advantages of being simple, low cost, fast temperature rising, good heat insulation, and the temperature signal can be easily extracted. Carbo...
Application Research on JWL Equation of State of Detonation Products
ZHAO Zheng, TAO Gang, DU Chang-Xing
2009, 23(4): 277-282 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2009.04.007
[Abstract](15762) [PDF 365KB](933)
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By investigating the JWL equation of state of detonation products of condensed explosive, we present a method to determine JWL parameters by fitting. This approach does not require cylinder test and is more economical, secure, convenient and accurate than existing methods. Using this method, four ki...
Detonation Shock Dynamics Calibration of JB-9014 Explosive at Ambient Temperature
TAN Duo-Wang, FANG Qing, ZHANG Guang-Sheng, HE Zhi
2009, 23(3): 161-166 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2009.03.001
[Abstract](14358) [PDF 794KB](850)
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Detonation shock dynamics (DSD) is an approximation to the reactive Euler equations that allows numerically efficient tracking of curved detonation waves. The DSD parameters are the velocity curvature relation and the boundary angle. A computer code was developed to facilitate the calibration of the...
Shock Wave Physics: The Coming Challenges and Exciting Opportunities in the New Century-Introduction of the 12th International Conference of Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM-2001)
GONG Zi-Zheng
2002, 16(2): 152-160 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2002.02.012
[Abstract](14314) [PDF 500KB](894)
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The 12th Biennial International Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (SCCM-2001) was introduced. Papers presented in SCCM-2001 were surveyed and the recent progresses on shock compression of condensed matter were retrospected. The basic paradigms and the great...
The Constitutive Relationship between High Pressure-High Strain Rate and Low Pressure-High Strain Rate Experiment
CHEN Da-Nian, LIU Guo-Qing, YU Yu-Ying, WANG Huan-Ran, XIE Shu-Gang
2005, 19(3): 193-200 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2005.03.001
[Abstract](10887) [PDF 416KB](813)
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It is indicated that the constitutive equations at high strain rates proposed by Johnson-Cook(J-C), Zerilli-Armstrong (Z-A) and Bodner-Parton (B-P) collapse the data of flow stress in compression, tension, torsion, and shear into simple curve with the scalar quatities 'effective' stress and 'effecti...
Phase Evolution of Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Prepared by Shock-Wave Quenching under High Temperature and High Pressure
YANG Chao, CHEN Wei-Ping, ZHAN Zai-Ji, JIANG Jian-Zhong
2007, 21(3): 283-288 .   doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.2007.03.011
[Abstract](14147) [PDF 534KB](735)
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Phase evolution (PH) of Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass (BMG) prepared by shock-wave quenching has been studied under high-temperature and high-pressure using in situ synchrotron radiation energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. The results show that the primarily precipitated phase is Zr2...