Fullerenes under High Temperature and High Pressure

SONG Jing; WANG Lin

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20261069

Volume 40 Issue 9

Sep 2026

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Article Contents

Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics > 2026 > 40(9): 090104.

SONG Jing, WANG Lin. Fullerenes under High Temperature and High Pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026, 40(9): 090104. doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261069

Citation:

SONG Jing, WANG Lin. Fullerenes under High Temperature and High Pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026, 40(9): 090104. doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261069

SONG Jing, WANG Lin. Fullerenes under High Temperature and High Pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026, 40(9): 090104. doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261069

Citation:

SONG Jing, WANG Lin. Fullerenes under High Temperature and High Pressure[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2026, 40(9): 090104. doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261069

PDF( 9772 KB)

Fullerenes under High Temperature and High Pressure

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20261069

SONG Jing^{1, 2
,},
WANG Lin^{2,*
,
,}

1.
Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
2.
Center for High Pressure Science, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China

Received Date: 01 Apr 2026
Rev Recd Date: 10 May 2026

Available Online: 20 May 2026

Issue Publish Date: 05 Sep 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Fullerenes, represented by C₆₀ and C₇₀, are typical molecular-crystal carbon allotropes. Under high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions, they can undergo a continuous sequence of structural evolution, including orientational ordering, initial intermolecular bonding, low-dimensional polymerization, multidimensional cross-linking, cage collapse, and amorphization. Therefore, fullerenes serve as an important bridge between molecular-crystal carbon and high-density covalent carbon networks. This review focuses on the phase transitions and polymerization behavior of fullerenes under combined pressure-temperature control. The structural features and formation mechanisms of the fcc to sc orientational transition, dimerization, typically through [2+2] cycloaddition, one-dimensional chain polymerization, two-dimensional layered polymerization, including tetragonal and rhombohedral phases, and possible three-dimensional structures are systematically summarized. The effects of different loading paths and kinetic factors on phase boundaries and product ordering are also discussed. In addition, the multi-pathway competition and disordering tendency of C₇₀ driven by molecular anisotropy are comparatively reviewed. The regulatory roles of guest species in metallofullerenes and solvated fullerenes on the polymerization pathways and physical properties of fullerenes under HTHP conditions are further discussed. Finally, based on recent progress in fullerene-derived sp³-rich superhard amorphous carbon and related novel carbon structures, potential research directions for the controllable synthesis of high-pressure carbon materials through precursor engineering and multidimensional regulation strategies are proposed.
- fullerene,
- high-temperature and high-pressure,
- polymerization,
- ultrahard materials,
- novel carbon materials

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References(102)

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