
Citation: | ZHAO Chunfeng, ZHANG Li, LI Xiaojie. Damage Failure and Anti-Blast Performance of Concrete-Infilled Double Steel Corrugated-Plate Wall under Near Field Explosion[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2024, 38(1): 014102. doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20230727 |
随着弹药技术的不断发展,弹药在储存、使用等过程中的安全性要求日益提高,不敏感弹药设计受到越来越多的关注。组合装药技术是降低弹药敏感性的重要技术手段之一,与研制新型不敏感炸药相比,通过对现有炸药进行合理的组合设计以提高装药的安全性具有更灵活、更实用的特点,同时还能在提升装药安全性的前提下保证装药较高的威力。
国内外先后针对组合装药技术开展了许多研究工作[1-6],例如:美国开展了由B2249/WFQ组成的复合装药结构的相关研究,证明了该复合装药不仅具有较低的敏感性,同时爆炸威力也得到了显著的提升;向梅等[7-8]研究了由钝感炸药和高能炸药组成的复合装药在冲击波和枪击作用下的响应特性,证明该复合装药结构可以提升整体装药的安全性;尹俊婷等[9]研究了3种金属加速/高爆热复合装药的能量输出特性,通过试验验证了其破片驱动能力及冲击波超压特性;牛余雷等[10]选择GH-1和GUHL-1两种炸药,采用内外层和上下叠加两种典型的组合装药结构,测量了组合装药水下冲击波的超压时程曲线,得到了组合装药的水下爆炸能量输出特性;屈可朋等[11]和肖玮等[12]通过大型落锤试验获取了RDX基炸药在不同应力率加载下的力学响应特性及反应情况,探讨了应力率对炸药撞击安全性机理的影响。
综上所述,国内外关于组合装药开展了较多相关研究,但多数只关注装药安全性或爆炸威力等某一方面,很少有文献对同一组合装药的安全性及爆炸威力进行同步分析。本研究以某温压战斗部用组合装药为研究对象,开展大型落锤试验及爆炸罐内爆试验,并将试验结果与单一温压炸药的安全性及威力性能数据进行比较,对比分析该组合装药的安全性及内爆威力。
采用西安近代化学研究所的大型落锤试验系统作为加载源,模拟装药发生意外跌落、发射、穿甲时的受力环境,进行装药的撞击安全性研究。试验装置主要包括:落锤、轨道、爆炸室、试验样品、压力传感器、防护掩体等。其中,落锤质量为400 kg,通过调节落高使其在一定高度自由下落对试验药柱进行冲击加载,如图1所示。试验过程中,落锤通过活塞对样品进行冲击加载,利用压力传感器和记录仪记录炸药的受力过程。
试验样品分为2种,均由西安近代化学研究所提供。试样1为普通HMX基温压炸药(HA-1),主要由HMX、铝粉和黏结剂组成,质量分数分别为65%、30%和5%,通过压装工艺成型,尺寸为
试验时,首先对试样1进行加载,通过调整落锤高度,获取试样1发生爆炸时的临界落高hl,然后以hl作为试样2的落锤落高对其进行加载,观察试样2的反应情况。
通过对试样1进行落锤加载试验,得到其发生爆炸时的临界落高为2.2 m,相同工况下,B炸药的临界落高为1.75 m[12]。试样1的典型加载曲线如图3所示,其中图3(a)为未发生爆炸反应的加载曲线,图3(b)为发生爆炸反应的加载曲线。
将落锤高度h分别设定为2.2、2.3、2.5和2.7 m,加载组合装药试样2。为避免试验结果的随机性,每种高度各进行2次试验,加载结果如表1所示,其中σ为加载应力,炸药均未发生爆炸。
No. | h/m | σ/MPa | t/ms | Response characteristics |
1 | 2.2 | 829 | 5.54 | No-ignition |
2 | 2.2 | 827 | 6.01 | No-ignition |
3 | 2.3 | 839 | 5.55 | No-ignition |
4 | 2.3 | 837 | 5.54 | No-ignition |
5 | 2.5 | 881 | 5.63 | No-ignition |
6 | 2.5 | 875 | 5.82 | No-ignition |
7 | 2.7 | 902 | 5.77 | No-ignition |
8 | 2.7 | 895 | 5.57 | No-ignition |
分析落锤试验结果可知:采用组合装药可以提升装药的撞击安全性,这是由于组合装药由撞击感度相对较高的HA-1和撞击感度相对较低的RAP-1组成,与单一温压炸药相比,当落锤以相同落高作用于组合装药时,加载应力首先作用于具有较低撞击感度的RAP-1,而RAP-1在落锤加载作用下不会发生反应;加载应力经RAP-1衰减后作用于HA-1,使得作用于HA-1的加载应力低于其临界反应阈值,因此HA-1也未发生反应;另外,由于RAP-1中含有约6%的增塑剂,一定程度上增强了RAP-1的塑性,与单一温压炸药相比,组合装药中的RAP-1炸药在落锤加载时会发生较大变形[13],耗散掉部分能量,进一步降低了组合装药的撞击感度,从而提升其装药安全性。
考虑温压炸药的作战环境一般在密闭或半密闭舱体内,因此选择在爆炸罐内开展炸药威力研究。如图4所示,爆炸罐外观为胶囊形,直径2.6 m,圆柱部长3.2 m,主体由抗爆承压层、隔音层和内衬装甲层组成,罐体中心壁面均匀分布4个法兰盘,用于安装传感器等测量装置。
内爆威力试验样品如图5所示。其中扩爆药柱为
图6为真空爆炸罐示意图,在法兰盘1和法兰盘4上各安装2个壁面压力传感器和2个准静态压力传感器,分别用于测量正反射冲击波超压及准静态压力。为减小爆轰不均匀性带来的测量误差,两个法兰盘上安装的传感器参数相同,处理数据时对2个测点的测试结果进行均值处理,所有传感器的输出信号均经过信号适调器进行放大。冲击波压力传感器采用美国PCB公司生产的113B22型通用高频压力传感器,谐振频率大于500 kHz,上升时间小于1
为分析不同试验装药的内爆威力,引入2 kg TNT炸药的测试结果以便对比分析,实测不同装药的冲击波超压曲线如图7所示。由于冲击波在罐体内的反射效应较为明显,其超压峰值有时波动较大,常以尖脉冲方式出现,为了便于对比,图7中将各种炸药的冲击波超压曲线沿时间坐标进行了适当平移。
通过图7所示的冲击波超压实测曲线可知,冲击波超压峰值高,反射次数多,作用时间为10
Explosive | ΔP/MPa | Specific impulse/(Pa·s) |
TNT | 8.29 | 893 |
HA-1 | 12.75 | 1170 |
RAP-1 | 6.37 | 658 |
Dual charge | 7.89 | 1110 |
通过表2可以看出:HA-1炸药的冲击波超压峰值最高,这是由于冲击波峰值超压的大小主要与无氧反应阶段的释能有关,HA-1中含有65%的HMX,爆炸瞬间会释放较多的冲击波能;RAP-1炸药的冲击波超压峰值最低,这是由于RAP-1中仅含有约30%的RDX,爆炸瞬间仅有这部分炸药发生无氧爆轰转化成冲击波能,铝粉和AP之间的氧化还原反应主要是在RDX发生无氧爆轰后进行的,其能量释放以后燃烧为主[14],因此对冲击波的贡献不大;将HA-1与RAP-1进行质量比为1︰1的混合后(即组合装药),其超压峰值介于二者之间,但是与HA-1相比还有一定的差距。
通过表2数据还可以看出,HA-1炸药的比冲量最高,组合装药与HA-1的比冲量较为接近,达到了HA-1比冲量的99.4%,这是由于组合装药中的RAP-1中含有28%的AP作为氧化剂,可以为炸药体系提供更多的氧,使得HA-1及RAP-1中铝粉的能量能够进行更有效的释放,且组合装药中的HA-1炸药在爆轰过程中能为铝粉反应提供更强的压力及更高的温度环境,进一步提升了能量释放率及利用率,因此,组合装药拥有比HA-1更强的后燃效应。Ahmed等[15]通过数值计算及试验发现,温压炸药的后燃反应会导致压力的衰减较传统炸药缓慢,冲量显著增加,他们认为铝粉的燃烧虽然减缓了初期爆炸的能量释放率,但并没有降低整体爆炸能量。
由于准静态压力的实测曲线中有一些高频干扰信号,因此首先对试验结果进行了滤波处理,最终获得结果如图8所示。
通过图8可知,组合装药的准静态压力峰值高于TNT和RAP-1,与单一温压炸药相差不大。经过分析,这与准静态压力的形成过程及炸药的成分配比有关,准静态压力的大小与炸药无氧阶段及有氧后燃烧阶段的能量释放均有关系,即准静态压力既与炸药爆轰产生的大量气体有关,也与有氧后燃烧阶段爆炸释能引起密闭空间内温度升高进而导致压力上升有关。组合装药中既含有具有较高初始冲击波能的HA-1,能够为组合装药贡献较高的冲击波超压,同时还含有铝粉及AP,AP在炸药爆炸过程中会释放大量的氧与铝粉进行反应,使得铝粉能量进行更有效的释放,产生更多的热量,进而提升组合装药的准静态压力。综上所述,与RAP-1相比,由于组合装药中含有具有较高初始冲击波超压的HA-1炸药,且二者均具有较高的后燃烧释能,因此在初始冲击波超压及后燃烧释能的共同作用下组合装药的准静态压力高于RAP-1;与HA-1相比,虽然组合装药的初始冲击波超压相对较小,但其具有更高的后燃烧释能,二者共同作用下使得组合装药的准静态压力值与HA-1相当。
通过图8还可以看出,无论哪种炸药,准静态压力峰值均为冲击波超压峰值的1/20左右甚至更小,与文献[16]所述一致,但准静态压力作用时间较长,为百毫秒量级,而冲击波超压的作用时间尺度仅为10
通过对试验结果进行分析可知,组合装药的冲击波超压峰值与单一温压炸药相比相差较大,为单一温压炸药的61.9%,但由于组合装药具有更强的后燃烧效应,压力衰减相对较慢,所以其比冲量与单一温压炸药相当,为单一温压炸药的99.4%。
考虑到炸药在有限空间内爆炸时的做功环境及释能方式,进行密闭空间内炸药威力对比时通常采用准静态压力作为评价标准,而非冲击波超压,原因如下[17]。(1)炸药爆炸后,罐体内气体压力经历了“不平衡”到“平衡”的过程。文献[18]将准静态压力定义为“装药在有限容积的密闭结构内爆炸,由于受约束爆轰气体不能无限膨胀,气体趋于稳定时的压力”,亦即准静态压力为气体“平衡”后的压力,显然“平衡”后的准静态压力与罐体相对位置无关,而冲击波超压与其在罐体内的分布和位置有关。(2)冲击波超压脉宽小、频率高且衰减迅速,加之炸药形状、传感器安装方式、爆炸罐内部结构、传感器与舱体发生共振[19]等因素都会影响冲击波超压的测量精度,导致较难准确测量超压值;而对于准静态压力,同一发试验中,不同准静态压力传感器所获数据的吻合性较好,且受其他因素的干扰也较小。(3)密闭空间内的部分燃料在未燃烧前被抛掷到舱体壁面,与壁面发生碰撞反射后会有部分动能转化为热能进行二次燃烧,撞击过程中会发生额外的压力响应。(4)冲击波超压主要表征炸药在无氧爆轰阶段的能量释放,准静态压力与无氧爆轰及有氧后燃烧阶段的释能均有关。
综上所述,准静态压力能够更全面、真实地表征炸药在内爆环境下的释能特性,美国海军水面武器中心在比较密闭空间内的炸药威力时,便仅采用准静态压力作为评价标准[20-21]。本研究中,组合装药的准静态压力是单一温压炸药的94.5%,证明采用组合装药的方式能够保证其内爆威力与单一温压炸药相差不大。
(1)单一温压炸药的临界落高为2.2 m,组合装药在临界落高为2.7 m时仍未发生爆炸反应,证明采用组合装药结构可以有效提升装药的撞击安全性。
(2)组合装药的冲击波超压峰值为单一温压炸药的61.9%,而比冲量达到单一温压炸药的99.4%,准静态压力峰值达到单一温压炸药的94.5%。考虑到组合装药的具体作战环境及释能特性,用准静态压力峰值评价其内爆威力更为合适,试验结果证明该组合装药的内爆威力与单一温压炸药相当。
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No. | h/m | σ/MPa | t/ms | Response characteristics |
1 | 2.2 | 829 | 5.54 | No-ignition |
2 | 2.2 | 827 | 6.01 | No-ignition |
3 | 2.3 | 839 | 5.55 | No-ignition |
4 | 2.3 | 837 | 5.54 | No-ignition |
5 | 2.5 | 881 | 5.63 | No-ignition |
6 | 2.5 | 875 | 5.82 | No-ignition |
7 | 2.7 | 902 | 5.77 | No-ignition |
8 | 2.7 | 895 | 5.57 | No-ignition |
Explosive | ΔP/MPa | Specific impulse/(Pa·s) |
TNT | 8.29 | 893 |
HA-1 | 12.75 | 1170 |
RAP-1 | 6.37 | 658 |
Dual charge | 7.89 | 1110 |
No. | h/m | σ/MPa | t/ms | Response characteristics |
1 | 2.2 | 829 | 5.54 | No-ignition |
2 | 2.2 | 827 | 6.01 | No-ignition |
3 | 2.3 | 839 | 5.55 | No-ignition |
4 | 2.3 | 837 | 5.54 | No-ignition |
5 | 2.5 | 881 | 5.63 | No-ignition |
6 | 2.5 | 875 | 5.82 | No-ignition |
7 | 2.7 | 902 | 5.77 | No-ignition |
8 | 2.7 | 895 | 5.57 | No-ignition |
Explosive | ΔP/MPa | Specific impulse/(Pa·s) |
TNT | 8.29 | 893 |
HA-1 | 12.75 | 1170 |
RAP-1 | 6.37 | 658 |
Dual charge | 7.89 | 1110 |