Novel Buffering Metamaterials with a Long Load Plateau: Design and Mechanical Characterization
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摘要: 兼具可逆变形与长载荷平台特性的超材料可满足多次缓冲的需求，在防护工程中具有重要的应用潜力。然而，现有的此类超材料普遍存在材料利用率偏低的问题，制约了其承载与缓冲吸能性能的提升。为解决上述不足，提出了一种新型长载荷平台缓冲超材料，它由左右对称双弧与上下对称曲面板组合而成，能够实现可恢复大变形和全结构协同承载变形，大幅提升了材料的利用率，从而优化了承载和缓冲吸能性能。通过试验与数值仿真方法，验证了该超材料的长载荷平台及可恢复大变形特性，同时系统分析了结构几何参数对其力学行为的影响。结果表明：通过调节侧面双弧厚度、中间曲面板厚度以及中部横向跨度，可实现对长载荷平台的有效调控；移除中间曲面板后，长载荷平台特性消失，力-位移曲线呈近似线性变化。同等质量下的有限元仿真对比证实，所设计的超材料的缓冲性能明显优于无长载荷平台特性的同类结构，并揭示了其内在缓冲机理。研究结果为长载荷平台超材料的性能提升提供了新的设计思路，有助于推动其在缓冲工程中的应用。Abstract: Metamaterials with both reversible deformation and a long load plateau meet the demand for cyclic buffering, offering great application prospects in protective engineering. However, current metamaterials generally suffer from low material utilization, which limits their load-bearing and energy absorption performance. To address these limitations, a novel buffering metamaterial with a long load plateau is proposed in this work. Composed of bilaterally symmetric double-arc structures and vertically symmetric curved plates, the metamaterial is capable of recoverable large deformation and overall cooperative load-bearing deformation, thereby improving material utilization and optimizing structural load capacity and energy absorption performance. Experimental tests and numerical simulations were conducted to validate the long load plateau and recoverable large deformation characteristics of the metamaterial. The influences of structural geometric parameters on its mechanical behavior were also systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the long load plateau can be effectively tuned by adjusting the thickness of lateral double arcs, the thickness of intermediate curved plates, and the central transverse span. Once the intermediate curved plates are removed, the long load plateau feature disappears, and the force-displacement curve presents an approximately linear variation. Finite element simulations at equal mass confirm that the proposed metamaterial possesses better buffering performance than similar structures without a long load plateau, and the underlying buffering mechanism is clarified. The findings provide a novel design strategy for improving the performance of metamaterials with a long load plateau, and facilitate their application in protective engineering.
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Key words:
- metamaterial /
- structural design /
- long load plateau /
- recoverable large deformation /
- cyclic buffering
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图 5 (a) 仿真模型的网格划分，(b) 仿真模型的边界条件与加载条件，(c) 不同单元尺寸的力-位移曲线
Figure 5. (a) Mesh of simulation model; (b) boundary and loading conditions of simulation model; (c) force-displacement curves of different element sizes
图 8 (a) 胞元1、 (b) 胞元2、(c) 胞元3在不同压缩阶段的应力云图
Figure 8. Stress contours at different compression stages of (a) cell element 1, (b) cell element 2, and (c) cell element 3
图 10 试样的力-位移曲线的试验结果和有限元结果：(a) b=2.0 mm，(b) b=4.0 mm，(c) b=5.9 mm，(d)不同厚度试样在压缩完成后的变形
Figure 10. Test and simulated results of force-displacement curves for the specimens: (a) b=2.0 mm; (b) b=4.0 mm; (c) b=5.9 mm; (d) deformation of specimens with different thicknesses after compression
图 11 (a) 力-位移曲线的试验与有限元模拟结果，(b) 力-位移曲线的试验与修正后的有限元模拟结果，(c) 试验试样、(d) 有限元模型和(e) 修正后的有限元模型在不同压缩阶段的变形过程
Figure 11. (a) Test and FE results of force-displacement curves for the specimen; (b) test and revised FE results of force-displacement curves for the specimen; the deformation process of (c) test specimen, (d) finite element model, and (e) revised finite element model at various stages of compression
图 12 不同修正误差下的力-位移曲线
Figure 12. Force-displacement curves of different error corrections
图 13 (a)不同曲面板厚度b （a=2 mm，c=25 mm，h0=50 mm）和(b)不同中部横向跨度c（a=2 mm，b=3.0 mm，h0=50 mm）条件下胞元的有限元模拟结果
Figure 13. FE simulated results of structures with (a) different thickness b of curved panels (a=2 mm, c=25 mm, h0=50 mm) and (b) different middle transverse span c (a=2 mm，b=3.0 mm，h0=50 mm)
图 15 循环压缩试验中试件的加卸载力-位移曲线
Figure 15. Loading-unloading force-displacement curves of the specimen in cyclic compression
图 16 胞串S1 (a)和S2 (b)的结构示意图
Figure 16. Schematic diagrams of the cell chains of S1 (a) and S2 (b)
图 17 2种胞串输出端的力-时间曲线
Figure 17. Force-time curves at the output ends of the two types of cell chains
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