Research Progress on Design Strategies and Impact Resistance of Heterogeneous Cellular Structures Material
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摘要: 多孔结构材料作为一类轻质高强的功能-结构一体化材料，在航空航天、汽车制造、生物医疗等领域应用广泛。然而，传统单一构型的多孔结构材料（如蜂窝结构、点阵晶格）在面对爆炸冲击波、多向冲击或非线性变形等复杂工况时，表现出性能局限。在此背景下，异质多孔结构材料（heterogeneous cellular structure material, HCSM）逐渐成为冲击防护领域的研究热点。系统综述了近年来HCSM的设计策略及其抗冲击性能。HCSM主要有拓扑构型异质（包括互补型和增强型融合）和材料异质（如泡沫材料与剪切增稠材料的填充）两大类型，通过创新性的“功能融合”途径，实现了对单一构型的多孔结构材料性能瓶颈的突破。进一步梳理了HCSM在承受冲击载荷时的协同增强效应与变形机理，深入分析了其在能量吸收效率、刚度及稳定性提升方面的内在机制。尽管HCSM的研究已取得显著进展，但仍面临连接性优化、增材制造工艺匹配、复杂工况验证以及多功能集成等诸多挑战。展望未来，融合人工智能与机器学习技术，有望实现HCSM从设计到制造的全流程一体化优化，从而为开发新一代高性能抗冲击结构材料提供新的方向。Abstract: As lightweight and high-strength functional-structural integrated materials, cellular structural materials are widely applied in aerospace, automotive manufacturing, and biomedical fields. However, traditional single-configuration cellular materials (e.g., honeycomb structures and point-lattice lattices) gradually exhibit performance limitations under complex conditions such as impact shock waves, multi-directional impacts, or nonlinear deformations. Against this backdrop, heterogeneous cellular structure material (HCSM) have emerged as a research hot pot in impact protection. This paper systematically reviews recent design strategies and impact resistance performance of HCSM. HCSMs are primarily categorized into two types: topological configuration heterogeneity (including complementary and enhanced fusion) and material heterogeneity (e.g., filling with foam materials and shear-thickening materials). Through innovative “functional fusion” approaches, they overcome the performance bottlenecks of single-configuration cellular materials. The study further elucidates the synergistic reinforcement effects and deformation mechanisms of HCSM under impact loads, while analyzing their intrinsic mechanisms for improving energy absorption efficiency, stiffness, and stability. Despite significant progress in HCSM research, challenges remain in connectivity optimization, additive manufacturing process compatibility, complex condition validation, and multifunctional integration. Going forward, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies holds promise for achieving end-to-end optimization of HCSMs from design to manufacturing, thereby providing new directions for developing next-generation high-performance impact-resistant structural materials.
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图 3 互补型HCSMs：(a) RD与Octet异质晶格结构融合设计及其实验应力-应变曲线[37]，(b) BCC胞元与FHC胞元异质结构及变形模态[40]，(c) 板与桁架晶格融合设计[44]，(d) TPMS晶格径向融合及落锤试验[52]，(e) 蜂窝结构内部填充圆管设计[59]，(f) 六边形蜂窝与凹圆弧蜂窝结构融合设计[72]
Figure 3. Complementary HCSMs: (a) RD and octet hetero-lattice fusion design and experimental stress-strain curves of different lattice materials[37]; (b) BCC and FHC hybrid structures and deformation modes[40]; (c) plate-truss lattice fusion design[44]; (d) radial lattice fusion of TPMS and drop hammer impact test[52]; (e) circular tube filling design for honeycomb structures[59]; (f) fusion design of hexagonal honeycomb and concave circular arc honeycomb structures[72]
图 4 增强型HCSMs：(a) BCC、FCC晶格杆件增强及均匀变形模式[74]，(b) Octet板点阵内部杆件增强设计[75]，(c) 桁架与晶格融合设计[77]，(d) 板点阵与TPMS晶格异质融合设计[79]，(e) 不同相对密度异质结构的SEA对比[79]，(f) 不同韧带数异质手性蜂窝异质结构设计[86]，(g) 蜂窝与蜘蛛网状加强筋异质融合设计[90]，(h) 蜂窝结构顶点替换异质设计[93]，(i) 重入蜂窝结构加强肋设计[96]，(j) 重入蜂窝结构边缘替换异质设计[106]，(k) 斜柱填充设计与双箭头结构相融合[108]，(l) 星形蜂窝异质结构设计[110–112]
Figure 4. Enhanced HCSMs: (a) BCC and FCC lattice reinforcement with uniform deformation patterns[74]; (b) reinforcement design of internal bars in Octet plate lattices[75]; (c) truss-lattice fusion design[77]; (d) heterogeneous fusion design combining plate lattices with TPMS lattices[79]; (e) comparative energy absorption of heterogeneous structures with different relative densities[79]; (f) design of chiral honeycomb heterogeneous structures with varying ligament numbers[86]; (g) heterogeneous fusion design integrating honeycomb and spider-web reinforcement ribs[90]; (h) heterogeneous design with vertex replacement in honeycomb structures[93]; (i) reinforcement rib design for reentrant honeycomb structures[96]; (j) edge replacement heterogeneous design for reentrant honeycomb structures[106]; (k) the design of the column filling and the double arrow structure[108]; (l) design of star-shaped honeycomb heterogeneous structures[110–112]
图 5 泡沫材料填充HCSMs：(a) 晶格结构泡沫发泡制造过程 [124]，(b) 泡沫材料填充HCSMs的载荷-位移曲线及断裂行为[124]，(c) 泡沫对晶格杆件的有效束缚[125]，(d) 增材制造聚氨酯泡沫填充工艺[127]，(e) 异质结构优异的减振和吸能对比[127]，(f) 泡沫填充六边形蜂窝[135]，(g) 泡沫填充负泊松比结构的抗冲击吸能特性[136]，(h) 内凹蜂窝结构、六边形蜂窝结构及零泊松比星形结构经泡沫填充后的优异抗冲击特性[145]，(i) 聚氨酯泡沫填充混合手性结构的局部抗冲击动态响应过程[147]
Figure 5. Foam filled HCSMs: (a) lattice-structured foam fabrication process[124]; (b) load-displacement curves and fracture behavior of foam filled HCSMs[124]; (c) effective confinement of lattice members by foam[125]; (d) additive manufacturing of polyurethane foam fillers[127]; (e) superior vibration damping and energy absorption performance of heterogeneous structures[127]; (f) foam-filled hexagonal honeycomb[135]; (g) impact energy absorption characteristics of foam-filled negative Poisson’s ratio structures[136]; (h) outstanding impact resistance of foam-filled structures including concave honeycomb, hexagonal honeycomb, and zero Poisson’s ratio star-shaped configurations[145]; (i) local dynamic response of polyurethane foam-filled hybrid chiral structures under impact[147]
图 6 剪切增稠材料填充HCSMs：(a) STF填充蜂窝结构的2D扫描图[161] ，(b) STF剪切增稠速率[161]，(c) 蜂窝结构填充STF后均匀的变形模式[162]，(d) STF填充星形蜂窝结构示意图[163]，(e) STF填充星形蜂窝结构与未填充结构的变形模态对比[163]，(f) STF、水、空气填充空腔晶格结构的位移-载荷曲线对比[164]，(g) STG填充六边形蜂窝结构示意图[170]，(h) STG填充结构与未填充结构的力-位移曲线对比[170]，(i) 负泊松比结构填充STG后的冲击响应示意图[171]
Figure 6. Shear-thickening material filled HCSMs: (a) 2D scanning image of STF-filled honeycomb structure[161]; (b) STF shear-thickening rate[161]; (c) uniform deformation pattern of honeycomb structure after STF filling[162]; (d) schematic diagram of STF-filled star-shaped honeycomb structure[163]; (e) comparative deformation modes of STF-filled star-shaped honeycomb structure versus unfilled structure[163]; (f) displacement-load curve comparison of STF, water, and air-filled cavity lattice structures[164]; (g) schematic diagram of STG-filled hexagonal honeycomb structure[170]; (h) force-displacement curve comparison of STG-filled structure versus unfilled structure[170]; (i) impact response schematic diagram of STG-filled negative Poisson’s ratio structure[171]
图 7 HCSMs的连接性问题：(a) Octet结构与BCC结构融合中的节点调整策略[36]，(b) Octet结构与MOD结构的杆件连接[38]，(c) 异质晶格结构的框架连接[175]，(d)不同TPMS结构之间的融合界面[178]
Figure 7. Connectivity issues of HCSMs: (a) node adjustment strategy for fusion of Octet and BCC structures[36]; (b) rod connections between Octet and MOD structures[38]; (c) framework connections in heterogeneous lattice structures[175]; (d) fusion interfaces between different TPMS structures[178]
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