Research Progress on Design Strategies and Mechanical Behaviors of Self-Locking Structure
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摘要: 自锁结构凭借对单胞连接方式的巧妙设计，使结构内部的单胞无需额外添加约束条件，就能实现彼此相互锁定。自锁结构具备轻质便携、快速组装与拆卸等优势，在抗冲击、防爆等多个领域具有广阔的应用前景。自锁结构在自然界多种生物结构中天然存在，首先，从仿生自锁结构的设计启发、周期性结构的吸能机制以及周期性结构剪切带失效3个方面，阐述自锁结构的设计理念；接着，依据自锁方向对自锁结构进行分类，介绍了二维单向自锁结构、三维多向自锁结构以及曲面自锁结构的研究进展，其中，三维多向自锁结构能够承受更为复杂的多向载荷，介绍了基于哑铃型结构、生物骨缝、褶皱设计的3种代表性多向自锁结构；最后，对自锁结构的研究进行总结，并对其研究前景进行展望。Abstract: The self-locking structure achieves interlocking property through ingenious design of the connection mode between cells, which enables the cells to lock with each other without the need for any additional constraints. The self-locking structure possesses significant advantages, such as light weight, portability, rapid assembly, and disassembly. Therefore, this structure is widely applied in various fields, such as shock resistance and explosion prevention. Self-locking structures exist in many structures in nature. The design concepts of self-locking structures are introduced from three aspects: the inspiration from biomimetic self-locking structures, the energy absorption mechanism of periodic structures, and failure of shear bands in periodic structures. The research progress of two-dimensional unidirectional self-locking structures, three-dimensional multi-directional self-locking structures and curved self-locking structures are then respectively introduced based on the classification of self-locking direction. Among them, the multi-directional self-locking structure withstands more complex loading conditions. Therefore, research progress of three representative multi-directional self-locking structures based on dumbbell-type, bone stitching, and origami design are further introduced. Finally, the research on the self-locking structure is summarized, and its future research prospects are discussed.
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Key words:
- self-locking structure /
- periodic structure /
- biomimetic structure /
- foldcore /
- energy absorption
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图 1 自然界中的自锁结构研究：(a) 铁甲虫鞘翅自锁增韧机制[17]，(b) 红腹啄木鸟波纹形自锁喙[18]，(c) 嵌锁螺旋状鱼鳞[19]，(d) 堆叠渐进锁紧的珍珠层[21]
Figure 1. Research on self-locking structures in nature: (a) self-locking and toughening mechanism of a diabolical ironclad beetle[17]; (b) corrugated self-locking beak of a red-bellied woodpecker[18]; (c) interlocking spiral-shaped fish scales[19]; (d) compactly stacked and gradually self-locking nacre[21]
图 3 周期性结构单胞的精巧设计：(a) 正弦薄壁网格式防护结构[39]，(b) 可编程混合杂化自锁晶格[40]，(c) 双应力平台星形结构（Δh为压缩位移）[41]
Figure 3. Ingenious design of the periodic structure: (a) sinusoidal thin-walled grid-type protective structure[39]; (b) programmable hybrid self-locking lattice[40]; (c) star-shaped structure with double stress plateaus[41], where Δh stands for the displacement of compression
图 4 剪切带失效的设计和调控：(a) 单向剪切带转为分叉或扭曲剪切带[45]，(b) 遗传算法调控剪切带形状[46]，(c) 约束位错滑移控制剪切带失效[47]，(d) 支柱形状对剪切带失效模式的影响（$ \varepsilon_{\rm n}^{\ast} $为压缩载荷下的应变）[48]
Figure 4. Design and regulation of shear-band failure: (a) transformation from unidirectional shear band to a shear band with bifurcation or twist[45]; (b) regulation of the shear-band shape using genetic algorithms[46]; (c) restriction of dislocation slip to control the failure of shear band[47]; (d) influence of truss shape on the failure mode of shear band[48], where $ \varepsilon_{\rm n}^{\ast} $ stands for the strain under compression
图 5 受哑铃型单胞启发的二维自锁结构设计：(a) 嵌套式哑铃管自锁系统[51]，(b) 缩短连接平台的波纹管自锁系统[56]，(c) 泡沫铝及内管填充哑铃型结构[53]，(d) 多形状自锁管设计[54]
Figure 5. Design of two-dimensional self-locking structure inspired by the dumbbell-shaped single cell: (a) nested dumbbell-shaped tube self-locking system[51]; (b) self-locking system with shortened connecting platform[56]; (c) foam aluminum or inner tube filled dumbbell-shaped structure[53]; (d) design of multi-shaped self-locking tube[54]
图 6 受哑铃型单胞启发的三维自锁结构设计：(a) 添加凹槽的变截面薄壁管自锁系统[57]，(b) C形开口组装自锁系统[58]，(c) 矩形三角形组合设计凹槽自锁系统[59]，(d) 工字形截面自锁系统[60]，(e) 拼图启发凹凸多向自锁系统[61]
Figure 6. Design of three-dimensional self-locking structure inspired by the dumbbell-shaped single cell: (a) variable-section self-locking thin-wall tube with grooves[57]; (b) C-shaped assembly self-locking system[58]; (c) rectangular and triangular-groove self-locking system[59]; (d) I-shaped section self-locking system[60]; (e) jigsaw-inspired multi-directional self-locking system[61]
图 7 受生物骨缝启发的三维自锁结构设计：(a) 受铁甲虫鞘翅启发的薄壁模块化自锁系统[65]，(b) 受鹦鹉螺硅藻结构启发的三角形缝合自锁结构[66]，(c) 受鹿角缝合线启发的波纹自锁结构[68]，(d) 受龟壳启发的柔性黏合复合自锁结构[72]
Figure 7. Three-dimensional self-locking structure inspired by biological bone joints: (a) thin-walled modular self-locking system inspired by elytra of beetles[65]; (b) triangular suture self-locking structure inspired by nautilus diatom[66]; (c) corrugated self-locking structure inspired by deer antler sutures[68]; (d) bionic turtle-shell inspired flexible adhesive composite self-locking structure[72]
图 8 基于褶皱的自锁结构设计：(a) 拉胀双稳态自锁褶皱结构[73]，(b) 三浦折纸新型蜂窝自锁结构[74]，(c) 联锁负泊松比连接器设计流程（IPF、CSF、RSR分别表示中间构件填充（intermediate part filling）、完全结构填充（complete structure filling）和刚性-柔性-刚性（rigid-soft-rigid））[77]，(d)“P2P”变形厚板自锁褶皱结构[80]
Figure 8. Self-locking structure design inspired by folding structure: (a) folding structure with auxetic, bistable, and self-locking properties[73]; (b) miura-origami inspired honeycomb self-locking structure[74]; (c) interlocking negative Poisson’s ratio connectors design flow[77], where IPF stands for intermediate part filling, CSF stands for complete structure filling, and RSR stands for rigid-soft-rigid; (d) “P2P” deformable thick plate self-locking folding structure[80]
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