Review on Stress-Strain Rate Controllable Loading of Functionally Graded Materials
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摘要: 鉴于国防安全、高端制造等重点领域中关键材料动态物性参数对应力-应变率可控加载的依赖性，对国内外相关功能梯度复合材料实现应力-应变率可控加载的研究进展进行了简要梳理和总结，综述重点为功能梯度复合材料应力-应变率可控加载相关动态物性参数的研究进展。概述了材料动态物性参数对应力-应变率可控加载的影响以及复合材料动态物性参数的测获方法，为了解应力-应变率可控加载技术提供参考。Abstract: Given the dependence that key material dynamic properties in critical fields (e.g., national defense security and high-end manufacturing) have on stress-strain rate-controlled loading. This paper briefly reviews and summarizes domestic and international research progress on achieving stress-strain rate-controlled loading for functionally graded materials. This review focuses on advances in studying dynamic material properties related to controlled stress-strain rate loading in functionally graded composites. It outlines the influence of material dynamic properties on controlled stress-strain rate loading and methods for obtaining composite dynamic properties, providing a reference for understanding controlled stress-strain rate loading technology.
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图 1 激光加载、磁驱加载、霍普金森杆、金刚石对顶砧、准静态加载涵盖的应力-应变率范围
Figure 1. Laser loading, magnetically driven loading, Hopkinson bars, diamond anvil cells, and quasi-static loading cover the stress-strain rate range
图 2 (a) 二级轻气炮加载装置、(b) 功能梯度复合材料结构和(c) 双层功能梯度复合材料击靶波系示意图，(d) 功能梯度复合材料与均质材料加载效果对比
Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of (a) two-stage light gas gun, (b) functionally graded material structure, (c) wave propagation in double-layer FGMs impact targets; (d) comparison of loading effects between FGMs and homogeneous materials
图 3 (a) 冲击Hugoniot线[40–43]，(b) 冲击Hugoniot参数对功能梯度复合材料加载应力-应变率的影响，(c) 502 m/s、不同本构模型下双层梯度材料模拟计算的粒子速度曲线及对应的压力云图[38]
Figure 3. (a) Shock Hugoniot line[40–43]; (b) effect of shock Hugoniot parameters on stress-strain rate behavior in FGMs (c) particle velocity curves and corresponding pressure contour plots for two-layered graded materials at 502 m/s, simulated under different constitutive models[38]
图 4 3种插值模型预估(a) W-Cu复合材料、(b) 石蜡-方镁石复合材料物态方程的对比[63–66]，(c) 介观尺度下的混合法则原理示意图，(d) 混合法则预测本构模型计算的真应力-应变结果[67]
Figure 4. Comparison of three interpolation models for predicting the equation of state of (a) W-Cu composites and (b) paraffin-magnesite composites[63–66]; (c) schematic diagram of the mixing rule at the mesoscale; (d) true stress-strain results calculated using the mixing rule constitutive model[67]
图 5 (a) Al-Cu二元合金相图[76]，(b) Al2Cu IMCs选区电子衍射图，(c) Al-Cu界面的透射电子显微图，(d) Al4Cu9 IMCs选区电子衍射图[77]，(e) 排胶后Al、C元素分布，(f) C在Al颗粒表面分布的透射电子显微图[47]，(g) 烧结过程中Al-Al2Cu界面的应变梯度场，(h) 位错与微米级Al2Cu及纳米级Al2Cu的相互作用机制[78]
Figure 5. (a) Phase diagram of Al-Cu binary alloy[76]; (b) selective area electron diffraction (SAED) image of Al2Cu IMCs; (c) transmission electron micrograph (TEM) image of Al-Cu interface; (d) SAED image of Al4Cu9 IMCs; (e) distribution of Al and C elements after de-sizing[77]; (f) transmission electron micrograph (TEM) image showing C distribution on Al particle surfaces[47]; (g) strain graded field at the Al-Al2Cu interface during sintering; (h) interaction mechanism between dislocations and micrometer-scale Al2Cu and nanoscale Al2Cu[78]
图 6 (a)不同Al4Cu9 IMCs含量的Al-Cu复合材料的X射线衍射图, Al-Cu复合材料微结构分布的(b)扫描电子显微图、(c) 能量色散谱图[79], (d) Al/PTFE复合材料微观结构的扫描电子显微图、(e) 介观结构的CT扫描图及有限元建模[80]
Figure 6. (a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) image of Al-Cu composites with varying Al4Cu9 IMCs contents; microstructural distribution in Al-Cu composites of (b) SEM image and (c) EDS image[79]; (d) SEM image of Al/PTFE composite microstructure; (e) CT scan of mesostructure and finite element modeling[80]
图 7 (a) 不同Al4Cu9 IMCs含量Al-Cu复合材料的冲击Hugoniot线[79]；分子动力学计算Al的(b)冲击Hugoniot线[87–90]和(c) 冲击压力-比容关系[84, 91–93]；(d)
2200 m/s加载速度下Al/PTFE复合材料的变形行为、压力、温度云图；(e) 不同信号通道下Al/PTFE复合材料的粒子速度随时间的变化；(f) Al/PTFE复合材料的冲击Hugoniot线[80, 94]Figure 7. (a) Shock Hugoniot curves of Al-Cu composites with varying Al4Cu9 IMCs content[79]; molecular dynamics calculations of Al’s (b) shock Hugoniot line[87–90] and (c) impact pressure-specific volume relationship[84, 91–93]; (d) deformation behavior, pressure, and temperature distributions of Al/PTFE composites under the loading rate of
2200 m/s; (e) particle velocity evolution over time in Al/PTFE composites under different signal channels; (f) shock Hugoniot of Al/PTFE composites[80, 94]
图 8 (a) 高压下Al4Cu9 IMCs的杨氏模量分布；(b) Al4Cu9 IMCs的总态密度及分态密度图；(c) Al4Cu9 IMCs总态密度随压力的变化[79]；(d) 纤维增强复合材料的显微图像和冲击Hugoniot线[95–97]；(e) 金刚石-TiC复合材料的冲击Hugoniot线及其与金刚石材料的对比[98–103]
Figure 8. (a) Distribution of Young’s modulus for Al4Cu9 IMCs under high pressure; (b) total and partial density of states (DOS) diagrams for Al4Cu9 IMCs; (c) pressure-dependent distribution of total density of states for Al4Cu9 IMCs[79]; (d) micrograph and shock Hugoniot line of fiber-reinforced composite material[95–97]; (e) shock Hugoniot of diamond-TiC composites and the comparison with diamond[98–103]
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