Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Ballistic Behavior of 6061 Aluminum Alloy
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摘要: 铝合金具有优异的力学性能，被广泛应用于航空航天、船舶及高新领域，其服役时常需承受动态冲击载荷，研究其在动态加载下的力学响应具有重要的理论和工程意义。以6061铝合金为研究对象，通过系统的实验测试和数值模拟深入研究其静、动态力学性能及弹道响应特性。实验结果表明，在0.001～3 800 s−1应变率范围内，6061铝合金表现出显著的应变率强化效应，流动应力随应变率的提高而显著增大，增幅达18.5%，但其应变硬化行为在不同应变率下保持相对稳定。基于最小二乘法标定的Johnson-Cook本构模型参数能够准确描述材料在不同应变率下的力学响应。弹道实验研究表明，球形弹丸侵彻6061铝合金靶板的弹道极限为282.6 m/s，且残余速度与入射速度在超弹道极限条件下呈良好的线性关系。靶板失效形貌分析揭示了其破坏模式与冲击速度的关系：低速冲击下主要表现为复合应力主导的整体变形，而高速侵彻时则以局部剪切破坏为主。建立有限元模型复现实验观测的弹道响应和破坏模式，验证了拟合的本构模型参数和数值方法的可靠性。采用经过实验验证的有限元模型，对不同直径球形弹丸侵彻6061铝合金靶板的弹道响应进行研究，在弹丸直径为10、8、6 mm时，靶板的弹道极限速度分别为283、392、443 m/s。因此，当靶板厚度不变时，弹丸质量越小，靶板的弹道极限速度越高。研究结果为6061铝合金在冲击载荷条件下的工程应用提供了重要的理论依据和实验数据支撑。
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关键词:
- 6061铝合金 /
- 动态力学性能 /
- Johnson-Cook本构模型 /
- 弹道极限
Abstract: Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace, shipbuilding and high-tech fields due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, they often suffer dynamic impact loading during service. Study of their mechanical responses under dynamic loading conditions holds both theoretical and engineering significance. In this study, 6061 aluminum alloy serves as the research object. In-depth research is conducted through systematic experimental tests and numerical simulations to characterise the static and dynamic mechanical properties and the ballistic response of the alloy. The experimental results show that within the strain rate range of 0.001−3800 s−1, 6061 aluminum alloy exhibits significant strain-rate strengthening effect. The flow stress increases by 18.5% with the increasing strain rate. However, its strain hardening behavior remains relatively stable under different strain rate conditions. Parameters of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model calibrated by the least square method can accurately describe the mechanical response at different strain rates. The ballistic experiment results show that the ballistic limit of a spherical projectile penetrating 6061 aluminum alloy target plate is 283 m/s, and the residual velocity has a good linear relationship with the incident velocity under the super-ballistic limit condition. The failure morphology analysis of the target plate reveals that the failure mode is related to the impact velocity. At low impact velocities, the overall deformation is dominated by composite stress. However, at high penetration velocities, it is mainly local shear failure. The finite element model established successfully reproduces the ballistic response and failure mode observed in the experiments, with an error of less than 5%, verifying the reliability of the fitted constitutive model parameters and numerical methods. Using an experimentally verified finite element model, the ballistic responses of spherical projectiles with different diameters penetrating a 6061 aluminum alloy target plate are studied. When the projectile diameters are 10, 8, and 6 mm, the ballistic limit velocities of the target plate were 283, 392, and 443 m/s, respectively. Therefore, under the condition of unchanged thickness of the target plate, the higher the projectile mass, the greater the ballistic limit velocity of the target plate. This study provides important theoretical basis and experimental data, and thus supports the engineering application of 6061 aluminum alloy under impact load conditions. -
图 3 弹丸-弹托配合示意图和靶板尺寸 (单位：mm)
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the projectile and projectile-holder combination and the dimension of the target plate (Unit: mm)
图 5 6061铝合金的静动态力学性能
Figure 5. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy
图 7 实验与J-C模型拟合的应力-应变曲线对比
Figure 7. Comparison of stress-strain curves between the experiment results and fitted results
图 8 6061铝合金弹道实验结果及弹道曲线
Figure 8. Experimental results and trajectory curve of 6061 aluminum alloy projectile
图 10 数值模拟和实验得到的初始-残余速度曲线对比
Figure 10. Comparison of the initial velocity-residual velocity curves obtained from numerical simulation and experiments
图 11 不同速度冲击下靶板在不同时刻的应力分布及破坏演化
Figure 11. Stress distribution and failure evolution of the target plate under different impact velocities at various times
图 12 不同直径球形弹丸侵彻5 mm厚6061铝合金靶板的有限元模型
Figure 12. FEM of spherical projectiles of different diameters penetrating a 5 mm thick 6061Al target plate
图 13 数值模拟得到的不同直径球形弹丸侵彻6061铝合金靶板的弹道曲线
Figure 13. Ballistic curves obtained from FEM of different diameter spherical projectiles penetrating 6061Al
表 1 拟合得到的6061铝合金的J-C本构模型参数
Table 1. Parameters of the J-C constitutive model for 6061 aluminum alloy obtained through fitting
Material A/MPa B/MPa n C 6061 Al 292 94 0.168 0.011 2 
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A/MPa B/MPa n C m 410 20 0.08 0.1 0.55
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表 3 靶板和弹丸的的基本参数
Table 3. Basic parameters of the target plate and projectile
Part Material Density/(g·cm–3) Young’s modulus/GPa Poisson’s ratio Target 6061Al 2.70 70 0.33 Projectile Q235 steel 7.85 200 0.30
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