Shock-Induced Desulfurization of Natural Pyrite and Its Implications for the Early Earth’s Environment
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摘要: 陨石撞击事件被认为是早期地球大气成分变化的重要驱动因素之一，对生物演化产生了深远影响。含硫矿物在这类自然撞击事件中的物理化学行为对于理解硫元素在地球海洋-大气系统演化中的作用至关重要。为此，通过天然含硫矿物黄铁矿（FeS2）在约20和55 GPa冲击压力下的回收实验探究其在高速撞击条件下的分解特性。实验结果表明，在约55 GPa的冲击压力下，黄铁矿部分分解为磁黄铁矿和单质硫，揭示了黄铁矿在陨石撞击相关环境下具有热力学不稳定性，并伴随着硫的释放。这一脱硫反应可能为含硫气体注入海洋和大气系统提供了新的路径，由此引发的环境变化可能与约2.5亿年前二叠纪末期的生物灭绝事件存在关联，为理解该时期的生物危机提供了重要线索。Abstract: Meteorite impact events are considered as important influences on the composition of Earth’s early atmosphere, with substantial implications for biological evolution. The physicochemical behavior of sulfur-bearing minerals during such natural impact events is crucial for understanding the role of sulfur in the evolution of Earth’s ocean-atmosphere system. Here, we conducted shock recovery experiments on natural pyrite (FeS2) under shock pressures of approximately 20 and 55 GPa to investigate its decomposition characteristics under high-velocity impact. The experimental results indicate that pyrite undergoes partially decomposition into pyrrhotite and sulfur at the shock pressure of about 55 GPa, revealing its thermodynamic instability and the release of sulfur vapor. Our results suggest that the desulfurization of pyrite during meteorite impacts may contribute to the release of sulfur gases into oceanic and atmospheric systems. Such environmental changes may be linked to the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event approximately 250 million years ago, providing important insights into the biological crises of that era.
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Key words:
- pyrite /
- shock recovery /
- sulfur degassing /
- ocean-atmosphere /
- bio-extinction
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图 2 初始黄铁矿样品的表观形貌： 扫描电子显微图(a)，背散射电子扫描图(b)，铁(c)和硫(d)的能量色散光谱
Figure 2. Surface morphology of starting pyrite sample: scanning electron microscope image (a); backscattered electron scanning image (b); energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping of Fe (c) and S (d)
图 3 冲击回收实验：（a）实验装置示意图，（b）冲击波作用波系图
Figure 3. Experimental design for shock recovery experiments: (a) schematic diagram of the experimental setup; (b) schematic of wave interaction
图 4 初始黄铁矿和冲击回收样品的 X 射线衍射图谱
Figure 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of the starting pyrite and post-shock samples
图 6 初始和冲击回收样品的热特性分析结果：（a） 热重分析、（b）微商热重分析和（c）差示扫描量热分析
Figure 6. Results of thermal characterization of starting pyrite and post-shock samples: (a) thermogravimetric analysis, (b) derivative thermogravimetric and (c) differential scanning calorimetry analysises
图 7 黄铁矿撞击脱硫对地球环境变化的影响示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram illustrating the desulfurization of pyrite under meteorite impacts and its effects on Earth’s environmental changes
表 1 天然黄铁矿样品的化学成分
Table 1. Chemical composition of natural pyrite sample
No. Mass fraction/% FeS2 Others 1 98.63 1.37 2 98.52 1.48 3 98.35 1.65 Average 98.50 1.50 
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表 2 实验样品、飞片和容器的Hugoniot参数[32, 41–45]
Table 2. Hugoniot parameters of the sample, flyer, and container used in the experiments[32, 41–45]
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表 3 冲击回收实验条件
Table 3. Conditions for shock recovery experiments
Shot No. Flyer Sample container w/(km·s−1) ρ0/(g·cm−3) p1/GPa p/GPa S1 Ta Cu 0.793(4) 4.989 16.3 19.7(3) S2 Cu Cu 2.197(11) 5.010 45.3 54.7(9)
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