Damage Mechanism of Glass Composite Armor Subjected to Projectile at High Impact Velocity
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摘要: 玻璃叠层复合装甲具有良好的透光性和抗冲击性能，广泛应用于军事和民用防护领域。由于玻璃容易发生失效或破碎，为了获得靶板的冲击损伤机制，开展了钢球高速撞击下的试验和数值模拟研究。结果表明，在第1层玻璃破碎锥和应力波传播的作用下，第2层玻璃破碎锥体积和整体损伤面积显著大于第1层玻璃。弹丸高速撞击下，玻璃层形成了大量径向和环向裂纹，其中，在Rayleigh波作用下形成的环向裂纹可以阻止径向裂纹传播造成的次生裂纹扩展。根据损伤程度不同，玻璃层分为粉末区、小尺寸碎片区、大尺寸碎片区和径向裂纹区。受应力波传播、靶板弯曲变形以及破碎玻璃的体积膨胀共同作用，玻璃层沿厚度方向出现了竖向裂纹和平行破碎锥面的斜向裂纹。玻璃之间聚氨酯黏结层可造成竖向裂纹偏转，在一定程度上阻碍了裂纹沿厚度方向传播。玻璃/聚氨酯/聚碳酸酯之间，受介质波阻抗不同，导致界面的剪切波作用，胶层出现了局部分层现象。聚碳酸酯依靠自身的塑性变形聚集了破碎装玻璃颗粒，形成了局部高应力状态区域，完成了对弹丸的持续阻碍作用。因此，聚氨酯胶层的变形主要为破碎锥对其直接剪切作用所致。Abstract: The glass laminated composite armor exhibits good light transmission and impact resistance, making it widely used in military and civil protection fields. However, due to the susceptibility of glass to failure and breakage, the experiments and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the impact damage mechanism of the target plate under high-speed impact of the steel ball projectile. Results show that under the action of breaking cone of first glass layer and stress wave propagation, the volume of breaking cone in the second layer of glass and the overall damage area are significantly larger than those in the first layer. During high-speed impact, many radial and circumferential cracks form in the glass layer. The circumferential cracks, resulting from Rayleigh waves, can prevent the propagation of secondary cracks caused by the radial crack propagation. The glass layer can be divided into the powder region, small fragment region, large fragment region and radial crack region according to different damage degrees. Along the thickness direction, the combined action of stress wave propagation, bending deformation of the target plate and volume expansion of the broken glass result in vertical and oblique cracks along the breaking cone in the glass layer. The PU bonding layer between the glass layer can deflect vertical cracks and hinder the propagation of the cracks along the thickness direction. At the interfaces between the glass/PU/PC layers, shear wave action arises due to the differences in dielectric wave impedance, leading to localized stratification within the adhesive layer. The deformation of PC layer gathers broken glass particles, forming a local high-stress area and complets the continuous obstruction of the projectile. Finally, the deformation of the PU adhesive layer is primarily induced by the shear stress caused from the breaking cone of the glass layer.
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图 3 弹丸以517 m/s高速撞击玻璃复合装甲的侵彻历程
Figure 3. Penetration process of glass composite amor subjected to projectile at high velocity of 517 m/s
图 5 侵彻速度为517 m/s时玻璃复合装甲的面内损伤
Figure 5. In-plane damage of glass composite armor at penetration velocity of 517 m/s
图 6 玻璃复合装甲沿厚度方向的损伤
Figure 6. Damage of glass composite armor along thickness direction
图 7 PU胶层的受力和变形特征
Figure 7. Stress and deformation characteristics of the PU adhesive layer
表 1 玻璃材料的JH2本构模型参数
Table 1. Parameters of JH2 constitutive model for glass material
ρ/(kg·m–3) G/GPa K1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa T/GPa σHEL/GPa pHEL/GPa 2488 29.6 40.8 −136.6 239.8 0.078 6 2.75 A B C M N D1 D2 1.679 1.783 0.0144 0.637 0.982 0.005 0.8 
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表 2 PU材料的Mooney-Rivlin本构模型参数
Table 2. Parameters of Mooney-Rivlin constitutive model for PU material
ρ/(kg·m–3) ν C10/MPa C01/MPa 1100 0.495 1.6 0.06
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表 3 PC材料的简化JC本构模型参数
Table 3. Parameters of simplified JC constitutive model for PC material
ρ/(kg·m–3) ν E/GPa A1/MPa B1/MPa N1 C1 1200 0.38 2.34 56 176 2.67 0.09
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表 4 试验与数值模拟的侵彻深度对比
Table 4. Comparison of depth of penetration between experiment and simulation
No. Impact velocity/(m·s–1) Depth of penetration Exp./mm Sim./mm Error/% 1 336 4.9 4.1 16.30 2 413 5.8 6.1 5.20 3 517 11.3 10.2 9.70 4 634 13.4 15.3 14.20
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