Analysis of Influencing Factors of Failure for Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries under Compression/Impact Conditions
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摘要: 锂离子电池在受到挤压、冲击载荷时会发生内部短路而引发热失控，因此，研究电池失效影响因素对电池结构耐撞性设计具有重要意义。以圆柱形锂离子电池为研究对象，利用自制的平面压缩和局部压痕实验系统，研究不同挤压/冲击工况下锂离子电池的力-电-热响应，并与有限元模拟结果进行对比分析，结果表明，实验与有限元模拟结果具有较好的一致性。基于显式非线性有限元方法，研究了加载速度、压头形状和压头直径对锂离子电池失效行为和力学响应的影响。研究表明：局部压痕相较于平面压缩更容易导致锂离子电池失效；随着压头直径的减小，电池的峰值力显著降低，失效位移相应减小；失效位移随着冲击速度的增加而增大，但当冲击速度超过15 m/s时，失效位移开始减小。研究结果将对锂离子电池的耐撞性多目标优化设计和安全性评估提供一定的指导。Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will cause internal short-circuits and even induce thermal runaway when they are subjected to compression and impact loadings. It is of great significance to explore the influencing factors of battery failure under different mechanical abuses for the crashworthiness design of the cells. In this paper, taking cylindrical LIBs as the research object, the force-electrical-thermal responses of the cells under different compression/impact conditions were studied by using a self-made plane compression and local indentation experimental system. The experimental results were compared with the corresponding finite element (FE) ones, and there was in good agreement with each other. Based on the explicit nonlinear FE method, the effects of loading velocity, indenter shape, and indenter diameter on the failure behaviors and mechanical responses of LIBs were also discussed. It is shown that localized indentation is more likely to induce the failure of the cells compared with plane compression. The peak force significantly decreases with the decrease of the indenter diameter, and the failure displacement also decreases correspondingly. It is noted that the failure displacement increases with the increase of the impact velocity, however, the failure displacement will decrease gradually when the impact velocity is more than 15 m/s. These results will provide some guidance for the multi-objective optimal design and safety assessment of LIBs.
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Key words:
- lithium-ion battery /
- failure mechanism /
- mechanical responses /
- impact /
- finite element simulation
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图 2 电池内芯材料的应力-应变曲线 (a)、NCR18650圆柱形锂离子电池实物 (b) 及有限元模型 (c)
Figure 2. (a) Stress-strain curves of battery inner core, (b) NCR18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery and (c) finite element model
图 3 局部压痕下有限元模拟与实验结果对比
Figure 3. Comparison of finite element simulation and experimental results under local indentation
图 4 不同挤压载荷下的力-电压-温度曲线
Figure 4. Force-voltage-temperature curves under different compression loadings
图 5 不同压头形状下锂离子电池的力-位移曲线
Figure 5. Force-displacement curves of lithium-ion battery under different indenter shapes
图 6 不同挤压速度下锂离子电池的失效位移和失效峰值力
Figure 6. Failure displacement and failure peak force of lithium-ion battery under different compression velocities
图 7 不同压头直径下锂离子电池的力-位移曲线
Figure 7. Force-displacement curves of lithium-ion battery under different indenter diameters
图 8 不同冲击速度下锂离子电池的力-位移曲线及应力云图
Figure 8. Force-displacement curves and stress contours of lithium-ion battery under different impact velocities
图 9 不同形状冲头下电池的失效位移-失效峰值力曲线
Figure 9. Failure displacement-failure peak force curves of the batteries under different punch shapes
图 10 不同冲击速度下冲头直径对电池失效位移和失效峰值力的影响
Figure 10. Influence of punch diameter on the battery failure displacement and failure peak force at different impact velocities
表 1 NCR18650圆柱形锂离子电池参数
Table 1. Parameters of the NCR18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery
Rated capacity/
(mA·h)Diameter/mm Length/mm Nominal voltage/V Charge termination
voltage/VDischarge cut-off
voltage/V3400 18 65 3.7 4.2 2.75 
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表 2 有限元模型材料参数
Table 2. Finite element model material parameters
Component Material type Poisson’s ratio Density/(kg·m−3) Elasticity modulus/GPa Indenter MAT_20 0.30 7800 210 Shell MAT_24 0.30 2700 69 Inner core MAT_63 0.01 2000 0.38
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