Quantitative Determination of Impact Reaction Energy Release for HfZrTiTaNb Based High-Entropy Alloys
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摘要: 作为一种新型含能材料，高熵合金在高速冲击过程中会释放大量能量，具有重要的应用价值。采用二级轻气炮系统加载真空环境下的HfZrTiTaNb系高熵合金弹丸，对轴承钢进行了冲击实验，测量了闪光辐射温度、气体超压、火焰传播速度和容器壁温升等响应参数的演化过程，分析了高熵合金弹丸撞击靶板过程中的能量流向，定量计算了高熵合金在密闭容器内冲击反应的混合气体焓、闪光辐射能、容器壁的吸收能、喷出气体焓以及撞击靶板产生的变形能，得到了不同元素及其含量对高熵合金释能量的影响。结果表明，高熵合金弹丸冲击反应释放的能量主要被准密闭容器壁吸收。随着Cu或Al含量的增加，HfZrTiTaNb系高熵合金的单位质量释能量增加。在相近的撞击速度下，含Cu高熵合金的单位质量释能量比含Al高熵合金大。Abstract: As a new type of energetic material, high-entropy alloys will release a large amount of energy during high-speed impact, which has important application value. A two-stage light gas gun system was used to load the HfZrTiTaNb high-entropy alloys projectile under vacuum environment, and the impact experiment of bearing steel was carried out. The evolution process of response parameters such as flash radiation temperature, gas overpressure, flame propagation velocity and temperature rise of container wall was measured. The energy flow direction during the impact reaction of the high-entropy alloys projectile impacting the target plate was analyzed. The enthalpy of the mixed gas, the flash radiation energy, the absorption energy of the container wall, the enthalpy of the ejected gas and the deformation energy generated by the impact on the target during the impact reaction of the high-entropy alloys in a closed container were quantitatively calculated. The effects of different elements and their contents on the energy release of high-entropy alloys were obtained. The results showed that the energy released by the impact reaction of high-entropy alloys projectiles was mainly absorbed by the quasi-closed container wall. With the increase of Cu or Al content, the unit mass release energy of HfZrTiTaNb based high-entropy alloys increased. At similar impact velocities, the high-entropy alloys containing Cu released more energy per unit mass than the high-entropy alloys containing Al.
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图 1 准密闭容器实验系统中的能量分布
Figure 1. Energy distribution in a quasi-closed container experiment system
图 3 高熵合金弹丸冲击反应释能实验加载与测试系统
Figure 3. Experimental loading and testing system of high-entropy alloys projectile impact reaction energy release
图 5 实验中光纤高温计测试的原始电压信号
Figure 5. Original voltage signals tested by the fiber pyrometer in the experiments
图 6 实验中光纤高温计测试的闪光辐射强度时程曲线
Figure 6. Time-history curves of flash radiation intensity measured by fiber pyrometer in the experiments
图 7 准密闭容器中的超压和闪光辐射温度时程曲线
Figure 7. Time-history curves of overpressure and flash radiation temperature in the quasi-closed container
图 8 实验1和实验5闪光辐射能量时程曲线
Figure 8. Time history curves of flash radiation energy of experiment 1 and experiment 5
图 9 准密闭容器的观测区域和红外视图
Figure 9. Observation area and infrared view of quasi-closed container
图 10 准密闭容器的外壁温度时程曲线和典型时刻的红外视图
Figure 10. Temperature time history curve of the outer wall of quasi-closed container and the infrared view at typical moments
图 11 准密闭容器内的反应产物流动（实验1：HfZrTiTaNbCu0.2弹丸）
Figure 11. Flow of reaction products in the quasi-closed container (Experiment 1: HfZrTiTaNbCu0.2 projectile)
图 12 准密闭容器内的反应产物流动（实验2：HfZrTiTaNbCu0.8弹丸）
Figure 12. Flow of reaction products in the quasi-closed container (Experiment 2: HfZrTiTaNbCu0.8 projectile)
图 13 准密闭容器内的反应产物流动（实验3：HfZrTiTaNbAl0.2弹丸）
Figure 13. Flow of reaction products in the quasi-closed container (Experiment 3: HfZrTiTaNbAl0.2 projectile)
图 14 准密闭容器内的反应产物流动（实验4：HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8弹丸）
Figure 14. Flow of reaction products in the quasi-closed container (Experiment 4: HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 projectile)
图 15 准密闭容器内的反应产物流动（实验5：HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8弹丸）
Figure 15. Flow of reaction products in the quasi-closed container (Experiment 5: HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 projectile)
图 17 不同时刻准密闭容器内的数值模拟温度云图
Figure 17. Numerical simulation of temperature cloud in the quasi-closed container at different moments
图 18 容器内气体温度及喷出气体质量的时程曲线
Figure 18. Time history curve of the gas temperature and the ejected gas mass in the container
图 19 弹丸撞击靶板形成的弹坑及其剖面示意图
Figure 19. Craters formed by the impact of projectile on the target plate and their cross-sections
表 1 实验基本参数
Table 1. Basic parameters of the experiment
No. Specimen Size/(mm×mm) Mass/g Impact velocity/(km·s−1) Density/(g·cm−3) 1 HfZrTiTaNbCu0.2 $\varnothing $4.63×4.68 0.786 1.35 9.98 2 HfZrTiTaNbCu0.8 $\varnothing $4.96×4.69 0.918 1.30 10.13 3 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.2 $\varnothing $4.95×4.83 0.899 1.31 9.68 4 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 $\varnothing $4.81×5.15 0.853 1.57 9.12 5 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 $\varnothing $4.76×5.11 0.832 1.59 9.15 
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表 2 瞬态光纤高温计各通道的标定数据
Table 2. Calibration data for each channel of the transient fiber pyrometer
Channel Wave length/nm Impedance/kΩ Voltage/V Nr/(μW·cm−2·nm−1) 1 400 10 2.934 281.7 2 500 10 4.400 235.5 3 600 1 0.880 347.1 4 700 1 6.046 280.7
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表 3 实验中的超压和闪光辐射温度峰值
Table 3. Peak of overpressure and flash radiation temperature in the experiment
No. Specimen Overpressure/MPa Temperature/K 1 HfZrTiTaNbCu0.2 0.22 1260 2 HfZrTiTaNbCu0.8 0.24 1370 3 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.2 0.21 1120 4 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 0.20 1228 5 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 0.20 1281
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表 4 冲击反应释能结果
Table 4. Impact reaction energy release results
No. Specimen Impact velocity/
(km·s−1)Mass/g Energy release/kJ Energy release per
unit mass/(kJ·g−1)1 HfZrTiTaNbCu0.2 1.35 0.786 1.32 1.68 2 HfZrTiTaNbCu0.8 1.30 0.918 1.76 1.92 3 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.2 1.31 0.899 0.88 0.98 4 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 1.57 0.853 1.19 1.40 5 HfZrTiTaNbAl0.8 1.59 0.832 1.21 1.45
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表 5 HfZrTiTaNb系高熵合金的原子尺寸差
Table 5. Atomic size difference of HfZrTiTaNb based high-entropy alloys
x δ/% HfZrTiTaNbCux HfZrTiTaNbAlx 0.2 4.92 4.84 0.8 6.73 6.37
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