基于同步辐射的强冲击荷载下原位诊断技术及其应用研究进展

陈森; 侯琪玥; 王倩男; 李江涛; 吕超; 张兵兵; 谢红兰; 李可; 汪俊; 胡建波

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20230747

基于同步辐射的强冲击荷载下原位诊断技术及其应用研究进展

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20230747

1.
中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所, 四川绵阳　621999
2.
中国科学院高能物理研究所, 北京　100039
3.
中国科学院上海高等研究院, 上海　201210

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（12072331，12102410）；冲击波物理与爆轰物理重点实验室基金（2021JCJQLB05705）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈　森（1993－），男，博士，副研究员，主要从事同步辐射原位动态诊断技术与材料多尺度动态行为研究. E-mail：senchen02@163.com

中图分类号: O521.3; O521.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-09-28
- 修回日期: 2023-10-05
- 网络出版日期: 2023-10-30
- 刊出日期: 2023-11-07

Progress on Synchrotron Based in-Situ Dynamic X-Ray Diagnostics and Its Applications

1.
Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
2.
Institute of High Energy Physics, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
3.
Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China

摘要

摘要: 强冲击荷载下材料的微介观动态行为是动态压缩科学中的重要研究内容，但长期以来由于缺乏原位动态跨尺度表征技术而进展缓慢。以同步辐射为典型代表的先进X射线光源的出现为该问题的解决提供了革命性的机遇与挑战。依托同步辐射光源，近年来对强冲击荷载下材料的动态变形、损伤失效、固-固相变、熔化等问题研究取得了重要突破。聚焦基于同步辐射的强冲击荷载下原位诊断技术及其应用研究进展，简要介绍了同步辐射光源的特性、同步辐射光源与动态加载装置的结合、相关仿真计算方法的发展以及典型科学问题的应用。
- 同步辐射 /
- 动态X射线衍射 /
- 动态X射线成像 /
- 激光冲击加载 /
- 气炮加载 /
- 动态实验仿真
Abstract: The dynamic behavior of materials at mesoscales under intense dynamic shock loading has always been the research focus of dynamic compression science. Unfortunately, for a long time, due to the lack of in-situ dynamic multi-scale diagnostics, the progress has been slow. The emergence of advanced X-ray light sources typified by synchrotron radiation provides revolutionary opportunities and challenges for this problem. Significant breakthroughs have been made recently in terms of dynamic plastic deformation, damage failure, solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transitions of materials under shock loading. This paper focuses on the research progress of in-situ dynamic diagnostics based on synchrotrons and its applications, and briefly introduces the characteristics of synchrotron radiation light source, the combination with dynamic loading device, the development of related simulation calculation methods and the application of typical scientific problems from the perspective of physical requirements.
- synchrotron radiation /
- dynamic X-ray diffraction /
- dynamic X-ray imaging /
- laser shock loading /
- gas gun loading /
- simulations of dynamic experiments

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图 1 (a) 同步辐射装置的典型结构示意图（包含储存环、电子枪、射频腔、光源器件及其相应的束线实验站）^[2]，(b)高能（$\beta \approx 1$，红色）和低能（$\beta \ll 1$，蓝色）电子束团绕圆周运动时的典型辐射场^[5]

Figure 1. (a) Generic scheme of a synchrotron radiation facility with its accelerator (storage ring), the electron injector, a radiofrequency cavity, and X-ray source devices of different types with their beamlines^[2]; (b) radiation pattern of charged particles moving in a circular path: high-energy ($ \beta \approx 1 $, red) and low-energy ($\beta \ll 1$, blue)

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图 2 ESRF中适用于动态单发实验的典型束团填充模式（红色束团适用于动态单发实验）

Figure 2. Typical filling patterns of bunches generally used in dynamic single-shot experiments with ESRF(Bunches in red color are suitable for dynamic single-shot experiments.)

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图 3 不同光源器件的X射线能谱（能谱均使用SPECTRA程序计算）^[14–15]

Figure 3. Integrated X-ray spectra for different sources (All spectra are calculated using SPECTRA)^[14–15]

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图 4 波荡器光源产生的X射线能谱特性（使用SPECTRA计算）^[14–15]

Figure 4. Characteristics of X-ray spectra for undulator sources (All patterns are calculated using SPECTRA)^[14–15]

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图 5 动态实验中使用的X射线光学器件^{[16, 20, 28–29]}

Figure 5. X-ray optics generally used in time-resolved dynamic experiments^{[16, 20, 28–29]}

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图 6 典型的动态加载装置与同步辐射结合^{[3, 31, 34–35]}

Figure 6. Typical dynamic loading capabilities implemented in synchrotrons^{[3, 31, 34–35]}

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图 7 基于同步辐射的动态物质科学研究平台^{[30, 38]}

Figure 7. Synchrotron based research platforms for dynamic compression sciences^{[30, 38]}

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图 8 欧洲XFEL团队提出的基于XFEL和同步辐射的动态实验全流程模拟流程^[45]

Figure 8. Start-to-end simulation workflow for dynamic experiments for XFELs and synchrotrons proposed by team of European XFEL^[45]

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图 9 X射线衍射和散射信号模拟实例：(a) SLADS计算的各向异性密实纳米颗粒系统的SAXS谱^[44]，(b) GAPD计算的基于真实同步辐射粉光能谱的多晶衍射信号^[58]，(c) 利用LauePt4模拟的单晶劳厄衍射信号^[57]，(d) 利用LAMMPS内嵌模块计算的bcc铁在冲击过程中的衍射信号^[62]

Figure 9. Examples of X-ray diffraction and scattering pattern simulations: (a) SAXS pattern for a large, anisotropic dense particle system calculated using SLADS^[44]; (b) diffraction pattern for a polycrystalline system with pink synchrotron beam calculated using GAPD^[58]; (c) Laue pattern simulation and indexing using LauePt4^[57]; (d) diffraction patterns of bcc-Fe during impact calculated using packages implemented in LAMMPS^[62]

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图 10 基于BSRF开展的霍普金森杆加载下单晶镁的原位X射线衍射测量^[35]：(a)原位静态劳厄衍射图，(b) 原位动态劳厄衍射图， (c) 沿<0001>拉伸时拓展孪晶示意图，(d) 拓展孪晶与母体的取向关系，(e) 分子动力学模拟结果

Figure 10. In-situ X-ray diffraction measurements under split Hopkinson bar loading based on BSRF^[35]: (a) static Laue diffraction pattern; (b) dynamic Laue diffraction pattern; (c) schematic of the extension twinning mechanism for tension loading along <0001>; (d) pole figure of extension twinning and parent matrix; (e) corresponding molecular dynamics simulation results

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图 11 冲击加载下金的高压层错研究^[87]：(a) 原位纳秒X射线衍射实验示意图，(b) 典型结果，(c) 冲击加载下金的应力-体积关系

Figure 11. Investigations on stacking faults in shock-compressed gold^[87]: (a) schematic diagram for in situ nanosecond X-ray diffraction measurements in shock-compressed gold; (b) representative results; (c) stress-volume states of shock-compressed gold

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图 12 气炮冲击荷载下单晶KCl的B1-B2相变机理研究^[90]：(a) 实验装置示意图，(b) 加载几何，(c) 典型自由面速度曲线，(d)～(g)修正的WTM模型

Figure 12. Investigations on the B1-B2 phase transition of KCl under gas gun shock loading^[90]: (a) experiment set up,(b) shock directions, (d) free surface velocity histories, (d)–(g) modified WTM model

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图 13 冲击应力对Ge冲击熔化影响的原位X射线衍射研究^[103]：(a) 实验几何，(b)自由面速度曲线，(c)～(d)原位衍射图，(e) 不同峰值压力下液态Ge的体积分数变化曲线

Figure 13. In-situ X-ray diffraction investigations on the effects of peak shock stress on the shock melting of Ge^[103]:(a) experimental configuration; (b) free surface velocity histories; (c)−(d) in-situ diffraction patterns;(e) Ge liquid volume fraction as a function of time for different peak stresses

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表 1 基于同步辐射装置的动态压缩科学研究平台

Table 1. Synchrotron based research platforms for dynamic compression sciences

Beamline	Loading capabilities	Geographic domains	Status	Ref.
35ID@APS	Gas guns (about 6 km/s), ns-laser (100 J)	US	Running	[3, 30]
32ID@APS	Gas gun, SHPB/SHTB	US	Running	[31]
ID19@ESRF	Gas gun, SHPB	Europe	Running	[38, 40–41]
ID24@ESRF	ns-laser (100 J)	Europe	Running	[38, 40]
NW14A	ns-laser (16 J)	Japan	Running	[4]
SDB@HEPS	Gas gun, laser, SHPB/SHTB	China	Construction
BL16U2@SSRF	Gas gun, SHPB/SHTB	China	Running

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表 2 同步辐射X射线光学模拟工具^{[15, 46–55]}

Table 2. Toolkits for simulations of sources and optics for synchrotron X-rays^{[15, 46–55]}

Software	Ref.	Organization
XOP	[46–47]	ESRF, APS
XRT (X-ray tracer)	[48]	MAX Ⅳ Laboratory, Canadian Light Source
SHADOW	[49–52]	ESRF
SPECTRA	[14–15]	RIKEN SPring-8 Center
OASYS	[53]	Argonne National Laboratory, ESRF
SRW	[54–55]	ESRF

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表 3 X射线衍射和散射信号的模拟工具^{[44, 56–60]}

Table 3. Softwares for simulations of X-ray diffraction and scattering^{[44, 56–60]}

Software	Ref.
LAMMPS* XRD	[60]
SLADS/GAPD	[44, 58]
LauePt	[56–57]
Debyer	[59]

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表 4 同步辐射X射线衍射和散射信号处理与分析工具^{[43, 65–67]}

Table 4. Softwares for data processing and analysis with synchrotron based X-ray diffraction and scattering^{[43, 65–67]}

Software	Ref.
MAUD	[65]
GSAS/GSAS-Ⅱ	[66]
HiSPOD	[43]
mTEX	[67]

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