Optimization and Experimental Study of Pre-Splitting Blasting Parameters in a Certain Open-Pit Mine
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摘要: 为了得到确保露天矿山边坡安全稳定的最佳预裂爆破参数组合，采用数值模拟结合相似模型试验的方法，探讨了岩石双孔爆破下裂纹扩展规律，并进行了现场预裂爆破试验。结果表明：裂纹先由炮孔壁产生，且炮孔附近的原岩破坏程度较大；随着不耦合系数由1.33增大至3.00，孔壁所承受的冲击压力显著减小，粉碎区半径逐渐减小。采用极差分析法，研究了不同因素对试验指标的影响程度，根据评价指标确定试验因素的最优组合。模型试验结果表明：孔距与孔径之比为9、不耦合系数为3.00、起爆延期时间为12 ms、最大单响药量为5.4 g（三孔一响）的组合条件下，模型试件预裂成缝效果最佳。根据数值模拟及相似模型试验结果，结合理论计算，选取孔距为0.8 m（孔距与孔径之比约为9）、不耦合系数为3.00、延期时间为12 ms、最大单响药量为11.25 kg（三孔一响）的预裂爆破参数进行现场试验，取得了良好的预裂效果。研究结果可以为露天矿山现场预裂爆破参数的设计提供参考，对于实现精确控制爆破、确保露天矿山边坡安全稳定具有重要意义。Abstract: In order to obtain the optimal combination of pre-splitting blasting parameters to ensure the safety and stability of open-pit mine slope, the law of crack propagation under rock double-hole blasting was discussed by numerical simulation combined with similar model experiment, and the field pre-splitting blasting experiment was carried out. The results show that the cracks are first generated by the blasthole wall and the original rock near the blasthole is more damaged. As the decoupling coefficient increases from 1.33 to 3.00, the impact pressure on the hole wall decreases significantly, and the radius of the crushing zone decreases gradually. The range analysis method was used to study the influence of different factors on the experiment index, and the optimal combination of experiment factors was determined according to the evaluation index. The results of the model experiment indicate that the pre-splitting effect of the model specimen is the best under the combined conditions of the hole spacing-to-aperture ratio of 9, the decoupling coefficient of 3.00, the initiation delay time of 12 ms, and the maximum charge weight per delayed interval of 5.4 g (three holes and one shot). According to the results of numerical simulation and similar model experiment, combined with theoretical calculation, the pre-splitting blasting parameters with hole spacing of 0.8 m (the spacing-to-aperture ratio of about 9), decoupling coefficient of 3.00, delay time of 12 ms and maximum charge weight per delayed interval of 11.25 kg (three holes and one shot) were selected for field experiment, and good pre-splitting effect was achieved. The research results can provide reference for the design of pre-splitting blasting parameters in open-pit mines, and it is of great significance to realize accurate control blasting and ensure the safety and stability of open-pit mine slopes.
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图 4 双孔连线中点处最大拉应力随孔距的变化曲线
Figure 4. Change curves of the maximum tensile stress at the midpoint of double hole line
图 5 L=81 cm时不同不耦合系数条件下的孔壁压力时程曲线
Figure 5. Time-history curves of the hole wall pressure under different decoupling coefficients at L=81 cm
图 6 L=81 cm时粉碎区半径随不耦合系数的变化曲线
Figure 6. Change curve of the radius of the crushing zone with decoupling coefficient at L=81 cm
图 9 同时起爆时5个单元的有效应力变化曲线
Figure 9. von Mises stress variation curves of five units during simultaneous detonation
图 10 破坏岩体单元最大拉应力随延期时间的变化
Figure 10. Variations of the maximum tensile stress of the failure rock mass unit with the delay time
图 11 保留岩体单元最大拉应力随延期时间的变化
Figure 11. Variations of the maximum tensile stress of retaining rock mass unit with delay time
表 1 大理岩参数
Table 1. Marble parameters
ρ/(kg·m−3) E/GPa ν σbc/MPa Rm/MPa G/GPa K/GPa Cρρr/(kg·m−2·s−1) 2700 55.8 0.31 74.7 8.5 22.3 37.2 3.6×106 
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表 2 岩石RHT模型参数
Table 2. Rock RHT model parameters
fc/GPa N α0 pel/GPa βc βt A1/GPa A2/GPa A3/GPa B0 B1 0.1678 4.00 1.0 0.016 0.0244 0.0294 45.39 40.85 41.98 0.9 0.9 T1/GPa T2/GPa ${\dot{\varepsilon}}_{0}^{\text{c} }/{\text{s} }^{ {-1} }$ ${\dot{\varepsilon}}_{0}^{\text{t} }/{\text{s} }^{ {-1} }$ ${\dot{\varepsilon}}^{\text{c} }/{\text{s} }^{ {-1} }$ ${\dot{\varepsilon}}^{\text{t} }/{\text{s} }^{ {-1} }$ D1 D2 B $\mathit{{g} }_{\text{t} }^{\text{*} }$ ${{g}}_{\text{c}}^{\text{*}} $ 45.39 0 3.0×10–5 3.0×10–6 3.0×1025 3.0×1025 0.037 1.0 0.0105 0.7 0.78 A n ${{f}}_{\text{s}}^{\text{*}} $ ${{f}}_{\text{t}}^{\text{*}} $ Q0 ζ ${{ \varepsilon }}_{\text{p}}^{\text{m}} $ Af nf pcomp/MPa 2.51 0.72 0.21 0.04 0.68 0.5 0.015 0.25 0.62 8.00
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表 3 炸药材料及JWL状态方程参数
Table 3. Explosive material and the JWL equation of state parameters
ρb/(kg·m−3) Cd/(m·s−1) Ae/GPa Be/GPa R1 R2 $\omega $ 1100 4500 625.3 23.29 5.25 1.6 0.28
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表 4 模型材料指标
Table 4. Model material indicators
ρm/(kg·m−3) σm/MPa Em/GPa Cρρr/(kg·m−2·s−1) 2680 30.02 28.1 5.06×106
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表 5 量纲分析
Table 5. Dimensional analysis
ρ σbc E Cρρr H Cd ρb FL−4T2 FL−2 FL−2 FL−3T L LT−1 FL−4T2
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表 6 正交试验方案设计
Table 6. Orthogonal experimental scheme design
Test No. k Δt/ms Q/g Error term Test No. k Δt/ms Q/g Error term 1 1.33 8 1.8 1 9 2.00 8 5.4 2 2 1.33 10 3.6 2 10 2.00 10 1.8* 1 3 1.33 12 5.4 3 11 2.00 12 1.8 4 4 1.33 15 1.8* 4 12 2.00 15 3.6 3 5 1.67 8 3.6 4 13 3.00 8 1.8* 3 6 1.67 10 1.8 3 14 3.00 10 5.4 4 7 1.67 12 1.8* 2 15 3.00 12 3.6 1 8 1.67 15 5.4 1 16 3.00 15 1.8 2
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表 7 爆破效果统计
Table 7. Statistics of blasting effects
Test No. Evaluating indicator Test No. Evaluating indicator δ/% b/mm δ/% b/mm 1 45 51 9 65 16 2 48 63 10 76 15 3 51 80 11 70 10 4 41 54 12 65 12 5 56 41 13 76 12 6 30 45 14 90 21 7 78 62 15 87 17 8 62 51 16 86 15
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表 8 正交试验极差分析（半孔率）
Table 8. Extreme analysis for orthogonal experiments (half porosity)
Factor $ \overline {{K_1}} $ $ \overline {{K_2}} $ $ \overline {{K_3}} $ $ \overline {{K_4}} $ R k 46.25 56.50 71.50 84.75 38.50 Δt 60.50 61.00 71.50 66.00 11.00 Q 57.75 66.50 67.00 67.75 10.00
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表 9 正交试验极差分析（预裂缝宽度）
Table 9. Extreme analysis for orthogonal experiments (pre-split crack width)
Factor $ \overline {{K_1}} $ $ \overline {{K_2}} $ $ \overline {{K_3}} $ $ \overline {{K_4}} $ R k 62.00 49.75 13.25 16.25 48.75 Δt 30.00 36.00 42.25 33.00 12.25 Q 30.25 33.25 42.00 35.75 11.75
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