Effect of Hexamethylenetetramine Content on the Performance of Ammonium-Amine Explosives
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摘要: 为探究六亚甲基四胺含量对铵胺炸药性能的影响，采用质量分数为5.5%、6.5%、7.5%、8.5%、9.5%的六亚甲基四胺制备5组铵胺炸药。通过黏度分析仪、计时仪、爆速测试仪和热分析技术，对铵胺炸药的交联时间、爆速以及热分解过程进行研究。实验结果表明，当六亚甲基四胺的质量分数从5.5%增加至9.5%时：铵胺炸药的交联速度逐渐放缓，交联时间由7 h延长至13 h；爆速由3552 m/s上升至4070 m/s，而后下降至3663 m/s；六亚甲基四胺含量对铵胺炸药的热分解过程没有明显影响，铵胺炸药的表观活化能由93.71 kJ/mol上升至124.71 kJ/mol，热安定性得到提升。Abstract: To investigate the effect of hexamethylenetetramine content on the performance of ammonium-amine explosives, five groups of ammonium-amine explosives were prepared using hexamethylenetetramine with mass fractions of 5.5%, 6.5%, 7.5%, 8.5% and 9.5%. The cross-linking time, detonation velocity and thermal decomposition process of ammonium-amine explosives were studied by means of viscosity analyzer, chronograph, detonation velocity tester and thermal analysis techniques. The results show that when the mass fraction of hexamethylenetetramine increases from 5.5% to 9.5%, the cross-linking speed of ammonium-amine explosive gradually slows down and the cross-linking time gradually increases from 7 h to 13 h, and the detonation velocity of explosive increases firstly from 3552 m/s to 4070 m/s and then decreases to 3663 m/s. The content of hexamethylenetetramine has insignificant effect on the thermal decomposition process of ammonium-amine explosives. With increasing content of hexamethylenetetramine, the apparent activation energy of ammonium-amine explosive increases from 93.71 kJ/mol to 124.71 kJ/mol, and the thermal stability is improved.
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图 3 铵胺炸药的黏度随交联时间的变化
Figure 3. Variation of viscosity with cross-linking time for ammonium-amine explosives
图 4 5组铵胺炸药的实际爆速
Figure 4. Actual detonation velocities for 5 groups of ammonium-amine explosives
图 7 Kissinger法得到的ln(β/T2)-(103/T)拟合曲线
Figure 7. Fitting curves of ln(β/T2)-(103/T) obtained by Kissinger method
表 1 铵胺炸药基质配方
Table 1. Matrix formulations of ammonium-amine explosives
Sample No. Mass fraction/% Ammonium nitrate Sodium nitrate Acetic acid Water Hexamethylenetetramine Guar gum 1 77.0 3.0 3.0 10.5 5.5 1.0 2 76.0 3.0 3.0 10.5 6.5 1.0 3 75.0 3.0 3.0 10.5 7.5 1.0 4 74.0 3.0 3.0 10.5 8.5 1.0 5 73.0 3.0 3.0 10.5 9.5 1.0 
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表 2 5组炸药的理论爆轰参数
Table 2. Theoretical detonation parameters for 5 groups of explosives
Sample No. w/% Oxygen balance/(g·g−1) D0/(m·s−1) 1 5.5 0.04493 4572 2 6.5 0.02243 4564 3 7.5 −0.00012 4559 4 8.5 −0.02267 4419 5 9.5 −0.04521 4264
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表 3 15 ℃/min升温速率下5组样品的
$T_{\rm{onset}} $ 、$T_{\rm{p}}$ 和质量损失率Table 3.
$T_{\rm{onset}} $ ,$T_{\rm{p}} $ and the mass loss rate at the heating rate of 15 ℃/min for 5 groups of samplesSample No. Tonset/℃ Tp/℃ α1/% α2/% 1 230.61 269.45 13.43 81.02 2 231.77 270.04 13.58 81.27 3 232.59 271.99 13.71 80.32 4 232.48 272.42 13.62 80.72 5 236.08 274.96 13.54 80.51
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表 4 Kissinger方法所得的表观活化能
Table 4. Apparent activation energy obtained by Kissinger method
α/% Apparent activation energy/(kJ·mol−1) R2 No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 20 78.15 81.48 104.76 98.94 126.37 0.9922 0.9973 0.9836 0.9985 0.9922 30 81.48 93.70 108.91 105.59 115.56 0.9896 0.9979 0.9847 0.9871 0.9913 40 97.27 105.26 114.73 122.22 132.19 0.9944 0.9854 0.9927 0.9861 0.9985 50 108.08 112.41 117.23 125.54 128.87 0.9996 0.9942 0.9963 0.9919 0.9956 60 98.11 112.41 120.55 126.37 124.71 0.9917 0.9936 0.9945 0.9946 0.9975 70 96.44 114.57 119.72 123.05 122.22 0.9894 0.9918 0.9910 0.9904 0.9972 80 96.44 115.15 114.73 122.22 123.04 0.9881 0.9893 0.9881 0.9914 0.9974 Mean 93.71 104.99 114.37 117.70 124.71
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