Fe高压熔化线的实验研究进展

甘波; 李俊; 蒋刚; 张友君

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20210859

Fe高压熔化线的实验研究进展

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20210859

甘波^1,,
李俊²,
蒋刚¹,
张友君^1,*, ,

1.
四川大学原子与分子物理研究所，四川成都　610065
2.
中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所，四川绵阳　621999

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（42074098，41804082）

详细信息

作者简介:
甘　波（1994－），男，博士研究生，主要从事冲击波物理与地球物理研究.E-mail：ganbo325@stu.scu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
张友君（1986－），男，博士，副研究员，主要从事高压物理与地球物理研究.E-mail：zhangyoujun@scu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O521.2; P31
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-08-02
- 修回日期: 2021-09-12

A Review of the Experimental Determination of the Melting Curve of Iron at Ultrahigh Pressures

GAN Bo^1
,,
LI Jun²,
JIANG Gang¹,
ZHANG Youjun^{1,*
, ,}

1.
Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
2.
Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China

摘要

摘要: 铁是典型的d电子过渡金属之一，其在高压下的熔化行为对于揭示地核的成分、热结构和热演化至关重要。在实验室中创造极端高温高压条件以及诊断和测量凝聚介质的熔化行为和熔化温度比较困难，导致长期以来不同实验之间以及实验与理论之间获得的铁的高压熔化线存在较大争议。近年来，随着高压实验技术的发展，对铁高压熔化线的认识逐渐趋于一致。本文介绍了用于研究铁在高压下熔化行为和熔化温度的动、静高压实验技术，总结了高压下诊断铁和过渡金属熔化的方法及其优缺点，并分析了不同实验之间产生差异的原因。基于目前关于铁高压熔化温度的实验和理论研究结果，铁在内外核边界压力（约330 GPa）下的熔化温度可限定为5900～6300 K。系统总结铁在高压下的熔化行为对于进一步认识熔化的物理机制、研究其他过渡金属的高压熔化行为等具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。
- 铁 /
- 高压熔化 /
- 静高压 /
- 动高压 /
- 地核温度
Abstract: Iron is one of the typical d-orbital transition metals. Its melting behavior and melting curve at high pressure are of great importance for revealing the composition, thermal structure, and thermal evolution of the Earth’s core. Creating the extreme high pressure-temperature conditions and measuring the melting temperatures of the condensed matters in the laboratory are quite challenging, resulting in a long-term controversy on the melting curves of iron at high pressures among various experiments and between experiments and theories. With the development of various experimental techniques, the results between experimental and theoretical studies are generally consistent with each other. This review presents the main static and dynamic compression techniques that have been used to study the high-pressure melting curve of iron in recent years; it also explores the advantages and disadvantages of melting diagnostics for iron and transition metals. The possible reasons for the discrepancy in the melting curves of iron are also discussed. Based on the experimental and theoretical results of the melting curve of iron, the melting temperature of iron can be anchored to 5900–6300 K at the pressure of the inner core boundary (ICB, about 330 GPa). Summarizing the current researches on the melting behaviors of iron under static and dynamic compression has an important implication for studying the melting curves of other transition metals, as well as the melting mechanism.
- iron /
- high-pressure melting /
- static compression /
- dynamic compression /
- Earth’s core temperature

HTML全文

随着“双碳”战略的推进，新能源利用对中国经济的可持续发展至关重要^[1]。锂离子电池（lithium-ion battery，LIB）由于具有高能量密度、长寿命和可减少环境污染等优点，成为新能源结构的重要组成部分^[2]。然而，随着电池能量密度的提高，安全风险也随之增大。国内外学者对导致电池形变及故障的因素，如机械滥用、电气滥用和热滥用等^[3]，进行了研究，发现机械滥用是最重要、最直接的诱因^[4]。因此，研究锂离子电池在机械荷载下失效的影响因素对电动汽车组的耐撞性设计具有重要意义。

目前，已开展了大量机械滥用下锂离子电池的力学行为和失效机理研究。Attara等^[5]发现将锂离子聚合物电池嵌入多功能复合材料结构可以提高其总体压缩强度和刚度；董思捷等^[6]通过实验观察和分析锂离子电池在不同挤压载荷下的失效情况，讨论了失效机理以及挤压载荷对其性能的影响；Greve等^[7]通过实验和有限元模拟研究了圆柱形锂离子电池在受到外部载荷时发生的塑性变形和断裂，发现有可能引起短路。受限于实验条件，大多数学者主要采用有限元模拟方法研究锂离子电池。在力学模拟方面，Jia等^[8]提出了一种基于代表性体积元素方法的锂离子电池热-电-力学建模框架；Liu等^[9]研究了18650锂离子电池模块在不同堆叠密度和堆叠方式下的机械完整性问题；Beaumont等^[10]提出了一种锂离子电池薄片的宏观有限元模型开发方法，用于预测电池在多种机械载荷下的力学响应；李志杰等^[11]采用精细化模型，对动力电池包进行了有限元模拟；Wang等^[12]利用详细的力学模型研究了圆柱形锂离子电池在机械载荷下的力学响应和内部短路损伤机制。然而，关于准静态工况下锂离子电池失效的影响因素仍需进一步研究，例如：如何建立锂离子电池的失效模型是锂离子电池失效研究的关键问题之一。

此外，动态冲击工况下锂离子电池的失效行为和机制也引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。在冲击实验方面，Zhou等^[13]研究了在动态和准静态机械荷载下锂离子电池的力-电-化学耦合失效机制，并进行了安全评估；Hu等^[14]研究了动态冲击下可充电电池组的失效行为；Jia等^[15]研究了锂离子电池在动态机械加载下的力-电-化学耦合行为。在有限元模拟方面，冲击工况下锂离子电池的失效研究还较少。Zhang等^[16]基于应力波理论，通过实验和数值模拟，研究了电池内部的应力波传播机制以及应力波对电池结构和材料的影响；Xing等^[17]通过实验和数值模拟研究了锂离子电池在不同撞击速度下的动态失效机制。Pan等^[18]研究了锂离子电池在不同冲击载荷下的响应特征和失效模式。如何对不同冲击工况下锂离子电池失效时的影响因素进行分析，建立各影响因素与锂离子电池动态失效机理之间的关联性，也是电动汽车耐撞性领域亟待解决的关键问题。

本研究将通过实验与有限元模拟相结合的方法研究锂离子电池在挤压/冲击工况下的失效行为，分析在不同工况下锂离子电池失效时的影响因素，给出锂离子电池的力-电-热响应和失效模式，建立不同工况下锂离子电池的失效位移、失效峰值力与各影响因素的关系。

1. 方法和模型

1.1 样品、设备和挤压实验方法

选用NCR18650圆柱形锂离子电池作为实验研究对象。正极活性物质为镍钴锰酸锂化合物，覆盖在铝箔表面；负极由负极活性材料石墨和集流体铜箔组成；隔膜通常由聚乙烯（PE）和聚丙烯（PP）等材料制成；额定容量为3400 mA·h。表1为NCR18650圆柱形锂离子电池的相关参数。

表 1 NCR18650圆柱形锂离子电池参数

Table 1. Parameters of the NCR18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery

Rated capacity/ (mA·h)	Diameter/mm	Length/mm	Nominal voltage/V	Charge termination voltage/V	Discharge cut-off voltage/V
3400	18	65	3.7	4.2	2.75

下载: 导出CSV

| 显示表格

采用SANS微机控制式电子万能试验机加载设备进行位移测量，分辨率为0.01 mm，量程100 kN；实验采用加载压板，加载弯曲压头直径10 mm；温度采集装置为Ulid UTi85A红外热成像仪，采集温度的位置为电池侧面的几何中心，经热电偶标定后，发射率设定为0.95。利用数据采集软件对电压进行采集，电压采集线分别与电池两端正负极相连并绝缘，实验过程如图1所示。

图 1 实验过程示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental process

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

为尽可能地降低锂离子电池失效故障造成的热失控风险和因充电不均匀而产生的误差影响，在实验前对电池进行完全放电处理，荷电状态（state-of-charge，SOC）值均为零^[6]。为保证实验结果的准确性，每组实验重复3次。具体实验步骤如下：

(1) 在加载前，将不同容量的电池样本放置在万能试验机起支撑作用的工作平台中央，缓慢控制压头下降，在即将达到电池上表面位置处停止；

(2) 将电池采集电压用的导线与万用表连接，并对试验机压头与电池的接触位置进行绝缘处理；

(3) 启动红外热成像仪、万用表，并将其与控制电脑连接，打开对应数据的采集软件；

(4) 启动万能试验机，加载速度均为2 mm/min，局部压痕实验的加载位置位于电池侧面的几何中心线；

(5) 观察实验现象、载荷-位移曲线、电压行为和温度响应，当电池开路电压下降到零时，万能试验机停止加载；

(6) 整理失效的电池样本和实验数据，清理并检查实验系统。

1.2 有限元模型

基于NCR18650圆柱形锂离子电池建立有限元模型。电池内芯由集流体、活性物质和隔膜等组成^[2–3]。在建立电池内芯模型时，可以将其看成均质各向同性材料，即采用均质化方法建立电池内芯模型^[3]，均质化模型计算简单，能够满足工程需求。

为了建立圆柱形锂离子电池单体模型，需要获得电池内芯的材料力学特性。通过实验测得挤压后的电池内芯载荷-位移曲线，将荷载-位移曲线转换为名义应力-应变关系^[19]。电池内芯所受的名义应力

$\sigma = {F}/{S}$

(1)

式中：F为电池承受的载荷，S为电池的受力面积。

由于电池为圆柱形电池，受力面积随着压缩过程发生变化，且

$S = Ld$

(2)

式中：L为电池内芯的长度，d为受力面积的宽度。在压缩过程中，受力面积的宽度是不断变化的

$d = 2r{\mathrm{arcos}}\left( {\frac{{r - x{\text{/2}}}}{r}} \right)$

(3)

式中：r为电池内芯的半径，x为万能试验机挤压盘的位移。

根据式(1)～式(3)，电池内芯所受的名义应力

$\sigma = \frac{F}{{2Lr{\mathrm{arcos}}\left( {\dfrac{{r - x{\text{/2}}}}{r}} \right)}}$

(4)

电池内芯所受的名义应变

$\varepsilon = {x}/{{2r}}$

(5)

根据单轴压缩测试得到的结果，圆柱形电池内芯的应力-应变曲线如图2所示。电池内芯材料与泡沫材料的性质类似，在压缩过程中，逐渐出现了压缩密实阶段。为了建立适用于锂离子电池的本构方程，可以采用参数拟合的方法。根据文献[20]，采用均质化本构方程描述锂离子电池的力学行为

图 2 电池内芯材料的应力-应变曲线 (a)、NCR18650圆柱形锂离子电池实物 (b) 及有限元模型 (c)

Figure 2. (a) Stress-strain curves of battery inner core, (b) NCR18650 cylindrical lithium-ion battery and (c) finite element model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

$\sigma =A \varepsilon ^n$

(6)

式中：A为材料参数，n为硬化指数。根据图2所示的电池内芯单轴压缩应力-应变数据，通过幂指函数拟合得到圆柱形锂离子电池内芯的A=276 MPa，n=1.8。最终得到圆柱形锂离子电池的本构方程^[20]

$\sigma = 276 \varepsilon ^{1.8}$

(7)

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件对电池进行准静态挤压模拟，加载速度为0.1 m/s，该速度可视为准静态加载^[21]。电池内芯采用SOLID164体单元（8节点六面体单元）描述，为保证计算精度，单元尺寸设为1 mm。为提高计算效率，对外壳和压头采用四边形SHELL163壳单元（4节点四边形壳单元）描述，单元尺寸统一设为2 mm，采用Belytschko-Wong-Chiang算法，支撑平台为刚性板。平面压缩实验表明，电池内芯具有低平台应力泡沫材料属性。电池内芯选择63号可压缩泡沫材料，外壳采用24号弹塑性材料，压头采用20号刚性材料，具体参数见表2。支撑平台底端固定，压头以恒定速度向下运动，限制其他方向位移。接触均选择面-面自动接触算法，摩擦系数为0.3。

表 2 有限元模型材料参数

Table 2. Finite element model material parameters

Component	Material type	Poisson’s ratio	Density/(kg·m⁻³)	Elasticity modulus/GPa
Indenter	MAT_20	0.30	7800	210
Shell	MAT_24	0.30	2700	69
Inner core	MAT_63	0.01	2000	0.38

下载: 导出CSV

| 显示表格

1.3 可靠性验证

图3显示了圆柱形锂离子电池准静态加载实验和有限元模拟结果。目前没有统一标准判断锂离子电池失效，Xu等^[22]用统一强度理论描述圆柱形锂离子电池在压缩过程中的失效。Sahraei等^[23]采用拉伸截止应力作为锂离子电池短路的标准。局部压痕实验中，常用力-位移曲线的突变点判断电池失效。本研究采用失效参数T_s（拉伸截止应力）和最大失效主应变ε_f判断电池失效，并确定所用锂离子电池的T_s=26 MPa，ε_f=0.14^[23]。当模型尺寸、加载速度和边界条件均相同时，由图3可知，局部压痕载荷下有限元模拟与实验结果吻合较好。由于本研究为均匀化模型，而实际上电池内芯为层级结构，计算时难免产生误差，考虑到压缩趋势是一致的，由此证明了内芯材料模型的正确性。

图 3 局部压痕下有限元模拟与实验结果对比

Figure 3. Comparison of finite element simulation and experimental results under local indentation

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2. 结果和讨论

2.1 实验数据及分析

设计了平面压缩和局部压痕2种加载方案，平面挤压实验主要研究锂离子电池受大面积整体压缩工况，而局部压痕实验具体讨论锂离子电池局部区域受到外物挤压的工况。图4分别给出了平面压缩、局部压痕实验中，容量为3400 mA·h的锂离子电池的力-电-热曲线。可以看出，在2种加载工况下，初始阶段负载均随压缩位移的增大而增加，而温度和电压几乎保持不变。在电池失效前的变形过程中特征点为拐点和峰值力，整个变形过程可分为3个阶段：第1阶段，电池壳体承受主要负载；第2阶段，电池内部的空隙逐渐被压实，刚度随之增大，压缩载荷也逐步增大；第3阶段，电池整体受力，内部开始出现损坏并逐渐扩展，累积为整体故障，该阶段也被称为损坏扩展阶段。第3阶段以后，电池发生整体故障，压缩力迅速降低。在平面压缩和局部压痕加载形式下，电压下降、温度上升、承载能力减弱以及电解液流出等现象同时出现，进一步证实了电池已发生故障。实验测得的力-位移曲线可以反映电池在压缩过程中的受力情况和变形行为，特别是在第3阶段，可以观察到力的突然减小，表明电池内部出现了明显损伤。

图 4 不同挤压载荷下的力-电压-温度曲线

Figure 4. Force-voltage-temperature curves under different compression loadings

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

2.2 准静态挤压工况下的电池失效影响因素分析

2.2.1 压头形状的影响

为了研究压头形状对锂离子电池失效行为的影响，通过改变压头形貌进行整体压缩和局部压痕有限元模拟。在计算过程中，加载速度均设置为0.1 m/s。图5给出了不同压头形状下的力-位移曲线及应力云图。当压头为刚性板时，电池被整体压缩，横截面由圆形变成椭圆形，接触挤压头中间位置的应力最大。在杆棒、球形和圆柱压头挤压下，相当于局部压痕作用，电池中间部分局部变形凹陷，两侧翘起，中间部分变形为挤压头的轮廓。接触挤压头的中心位置应力最大。从图5中可以看出，整体压缩比局部压痕作用下电池失效的峰值力更大，失效位移也更大，说明在局部压痕作用下，电池更容易发生破坏、应力集中和失效。

图 5 不同压头形状下锂离子电池的力-位移曲线

Figure 5. Force-displacement curves of lithium-ion battery under different indenter shapes

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2.2.2 压头速度的影响

为了研究压头速度对电池失效的影响，在计算过程中，分别对杆棒压头、刚性板、球形压头、圆柱压头施加不同的速度v（0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4和0.5 m/s），观察不同速度下准静态挤压锂离子电池在受到平面压缩和局部压痕时的失效模式。图6给出了不同准静态挤压速度下电池的失效位移和失效峰值力关系。失效位移是指电池在受到冲击或挤压过程中发生失效时的位移。失效峰值力是指电池在受到冲击或挤压过程中，达到失效状态时所承受的最大外力。研究结果表明，尽管压头加载速度存在差异，但相同类型压头的失效位移和失效峰值力基本相同。这说明在准静态挤压工况下，挤压速度并不是电池失效的主要影响因素。

图 6 不同挤压速度下锂离子电池的失效位移和失效峰值力

Figure 6. Failure displacement and failure peak force of lithium-ion battery under different compression velocities

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2.2.3 压头直径的影响

为了研究压头直径对电池失效的影响，对不同直径d（10、15、20和25 mm）的球形和圆柱压头进行数值模拟，加载速度均设置为0.1 m/s。图7分别给出了不同直径的球形和圆柱压头加载下电池的失效力学响应曲线和应力云图。在相同的冲击速度下，随着压头直径的增大，电池发生失效时的位移和峰值力呈增大趋势。究其原因，压头直径越小，电池受力区域越小，更容易诱发电池层间剪切破坏，导致电池局部变形增大，发生破坏所需的最大作用力和最大位移减小。并且，在圆柱和球形压头的压痕中心处，层间剪切破坏现象较为严重。在前一阶段，力-位移曲线呈现上升趋势，说明随着压头的下压，电池所承受的作用力逐渐增大；在后一阶段，曲线出现了明显的峰值后下降趋势，说明电池所承受的作用力达到最大值后开始减小，电池的内部结构已经无法继续承载更多的外部作用力，导致作用力迅速下降，表明电池已经发生失效。

图 7 不同压头直径下锂离子电池的力-位移曲线

Figure 7. Force-displacement curves of lithium-ion battery under different indenter diameters

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2.3 不同冲击工况下电池失效的影响因素分析

2.3.1 冲击速度的影响

对于球形压头，图8给出了不同冲击速度（v）下电池失效的冲击力-位移曲线（d=20 mm）。选择曲线上的不同位移点分析电池的变形情况。通过前述实验可以看出，电池内部在峰值力点处出现小裂纹，将出现这种现象对应的位移点作为判断电池失效的失效点。研究结果表明，低速冲击时的力-位移曲线具有相似性。在加载过程中，电池受到的冲击力持续增大，短路后迅速减小。图8中的峰值力点表示电池在不同速度下的失效点，并给出了此时的失效情况。不同速度下的冲击力-位移曲线存在差异。在动态冲击下，当发生短路时，冲击力不会减小，甚至可能继续增大，这一现象与低速载荷下短路后峰值力的快速下降^[3]不同。当冲击速度提高至30 m/s时，冲击力增大，随后迅速下降，并出现一个平台期。在这个过程中，电池将遭受严重损坏。压缩过程结束时，冲击力再次呈现上升趋势，这些现象就是典型的动态损伤。值得注意的是，高速冲击加载下，电池发生短路失效时的峰值力低于低速冲击下电池短路失效的峰值力，这一现象与文献[3]相同。

图 8 不同冲击速度下锂离子电池的力-位移曲线及应力云图

Figure 8. Force-displacement curves and stress contours of lithium-ion battery under different impact velocities

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2.3.2 冲头形状的影响

图9给出了不同冲头形状下电池的失效位移-失效峰值力曲线和冲头形状。冲击速度相同时，球形冲头冲击电池发生失效时的位移和峰值力最小，杆棒冲头次之，圆柱压头下电池失效位移最大，说明圆柱冲头冲击下的电池最不易发生失效。随着冲击速度的增加，不同冲头下的失效位移基本相同，除圆柱压头外，失效峰值力的差值逐渐减小，说明高速冲击下压头形状不是影响电池失效的主要因素。

图 9 不同形状冲头下电池的失效位移-失效峰值力曲线

Figure 9. Failure displacement-failure peak force curves of the batteries under different punch shapes

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2.3.3 冲头直径的影响

图10给出了不同冲击速度下冲头直径对锂离子电池失效位移和失效峰值力的影响。可以看出，当冲击速度小于15 m/s时，随着冲击速度的增加，失效位移和失效峰值力都将增大。对于相同的冲击速度：冲头的直径越大，失效位移和失效峰值力越大；当冲头直径较小时，由于冲击面积较小，承受的冲击力相对集中，导致被冲击物体局部应力过大而发生失效。当冲击速度超过15 m/s时，随着冲击速度的增加，相应的失效位移和失效峰值力均减小，而且不同直径冲头下的失效位移点和失效峰值力点接近，冲击力-位移曲线基本重合。尤其当冲击速度为30 m/s时，随着冲头直径的增加，失效位移几乎不变，说明在高速冲击下冲头直径将不再是影响电池失效的主要因素。

图 10 不同冲击速度下冲头直径对电池失效位移和失效峰值力的影响

Figure 10. Influence of punch diameter on the battery failure displacement and failure peak force at different impact velocities

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3. 结　论

利用实验与有限元模拟相结合的方法，对不同挤压/冲击工况下圆柱形锂离子电池失效的影响因素进行了研究，得到如下主要结论。

(1) 在平面压缩和局部压痕准静态实验中，初始阶段负载随着电池位移的增加而增大，而温度和电压几乎保持不变。以拐点和峰值力为特征点描述变形过程，在电池失效前分为3个阶段：第1阶段电池壳体承受主要负载；第2阶段电池内部的空隙逐渐被压实；第3阶段电池整体受力，内部开始损坏并逐渐扩展，累积至整体发生故障。

(2) 在准静态挤压工况下，加载速度不变，而改变挤压形式，则局部压痕相较于平面压缩更容易使锂离子电池发生失效。同种压头下，改变加载速度得到的力-位移曲线基本吻合；改变压头直径后，随着压头直径的减小，电池峰值力明显降低，失效位移减小。

(3) 动态冲击工况下，高速冲击过程中电池失效前冲击力会有一个短暂的平台期，发生破坏后冲击力仍然增大。当冲击速度不大于15 m/s时，随着冲头直径的增加，失效位移和失效峰值力均会增加，且差值较大；当冲击速度超过15 m/s时，不同直径冲头的失效位移和失效峰值力差值均逐渐减小，尤其当冲击速度大于30 m/s时，不同直径冲头下的力-位移曲线几乎重合，冲头直径对电池失效的影响较小。

图 1 LH-DAC静高压实验系统示意图^[11]

Figure 1. Schematic of static compression in a LH-DAC^[11]

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图 2 二级轻气炮动高压实验装置示意图（根据文献[117]改绘）

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of dynamic shock compression using a two-stage light gas gun (modified by Ref. [117])

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图 3 金刚石压腔静高压实验中一些典型的用于研究铁高压熔化的诊断方法与标准：(a) XRD^[10]，(b) SMS^[151]， (c) XAS^[154]，(d) 电阻率^[155]，(e) 激光功率与温度的关系^[10]

Figure 3. Some typical diagnostic methods and criteria used to study the melting behavior of iron at high pressures in heated DAC experiments: (a) XRD^[10], (b) SMS^[151], (c) XAS^[154], (d) resistivity^[155], (e) relationship between laser power and temperature^[10]

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图 4 动高压实验中常用的冲击熔化诊断方法^{[40, 120, 156]}：(a) 冲击压力与Hugoniot温度关系的不连续，(b) 沿着冲击绝热线声速的不连续，(c) 冲击下hcp结构的X射线衍射峰消失^[120]

Figure 4. Typical diagnostics for the shock-induced melting in dynamic compression experiments^{[40, 120, 156]}: (a) discontinuity of the relationship between shock pressure and Hugoniot temperature, (b) discontinuity of sound velocity along the Hugoniot, (c) the disappearance of XRD peak for hcp structure under shock loading^[120]

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图 5 铁高压熔化温度的典型静高压实验研究结果^{[10, 143-155]}（绿色、红色、蓝色和洋红色图例分别表示采用直接显微观察样品表面、XRD、SMS和XAS获得的LH-DAC静高压实验结果，橙色图例表示采用电阻率作为诊断方法获得的RH-DAC静高压实验结果）

Figure 5. Typical results of the melting temperatures of iron at high pressures using static compression experiments^{[10, 143-155]} (The green, red, blue, and magenta legends represent the experimental results of LH-DAC experiments obtained by direct microscopic observation of sample surface, XRD, SMS, and XAS as diagnostic methods, respectively; the orange legends represent the experimental results of RH-DAC experiments using resistivity measurements as the diagnostic method.)

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图 6 铁高压熔化温度的典型动高压实验研究结果^{[47, 119-120, 143, 157, 161, 163-164]}（实心图例表示采用多通道瞬态辐射高温计直接测得的铁的Hugoniot温度和熔化温度，其中绿色^[143]、蓝色^[157]和洋红色^[119]图例代表使用微米厚铁膜或铁箔、4～6个波长通道的高温计测得的Hugoniot温度，红色图例^[47]代表使用毫米厚块状铁、16个波长通道的高温计测得的Hugoniot温度；空心图例表示高功率激光加载动高压实验中采用XAS和XRD测得的铁的冲击熔化，通过热力学计算得到的Hugoniot温度）

Figure 6. Typical results of the melting temperatures of iron at high pressures by dynamic compression experiments^{[47, 119-120, 143, 157, 161, 163-164]} (The solid legends show that Hugoniot temperatures and melting temperatures of iron are directly measured by a multichannel transient radiation pyrometer; the legends of green^[143], blue^[157] and magenta^[119] represent the Hugoniot temperatures of iron measured by a pyrometer with 4–6 wavelength channels using iron film (foil) sample; the red legend^[47] represent the Hugoniot temperatures of iron measured by a pyrometer with 16 wavelength channels using bulk iron sample; the open legends represent that the Hugoniot temperatures of iron are calculated through thermodynamic calculations from the shock melting measurements by XAS and XRD in the dynamic compression experiments of high power laser loading.)

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图 7 铁高压熔化温度的典型动高压和静高压实验结果对比^{[10, 47, 120, 154-155, 163]}（动高压实验结果与静高压实验结果具有良好的一致性，尤其是采用XAS^[154]和XRD^[10]作为诊断技术的LH-DAC静高压实验和改进样品靶结构并采用多通道瞬态辐射高温计^[47]的动高压实验结果之间）

Figure 7. A comparison of the typical results on the melting temperatures of iron at high pressures obtained by the static and dynamic compression experiments^{[10, 47, 120, 154–155, 163]} (The results are generally consistent with each other between dynamic and static experiments. In particular, the results of LH-DAC static experiments using XAS^[154] and XRD^[10] as diagnostic techniques are in good agreement with those of dynamic experiments using improved pyrometry^[47].)

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图 8 铁高压熔化温度的理论模拟和热力学计算结果^[129-142]（理论研究主要包括两类：基于分子动力学或第一性原理的理论模拟以及基于热力学状态参数的热力学计算）

Figure 8. Melting temperatures of iron at high pressures using theoretical simulations and thermodynamic calculations^[129-142] (Theoretical studies mainly include two categories: simulations based on molecular dynamics or first-principles and thermodynamic calculations based on thermodynamic parameters.)

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图 9 铁高压熔化线的典型研究结果^{[10, 47, 119, 129-135, 138-139, 141, 143, 145-146, 155, 157]}（20年前铁高压熔化线的实验与理论研究结果之间存在较大的差异，而目前实验与理论研究结果之间已经基本吻合）

Figure 9. Typical results of the melting curves of iron at high pressures^{[10, 47, 119, 129-135, 138-139, 141, 143, 145-146, 155, 157]} (Twenty years ago, there was a big difference in the melting curves of iron between experimental and theoretical studies, while the current studies show an overall agreement between experimental and theoretical results.)

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表 1 高压下铁的熔化温度的实验和理论研究总结

Table 1. Summary of experimental and theoretical studies on the melting temperature of iron at high pressures

Technique	Method	Melting diagnostic	Expt. and theo. conditions		T_{M, ICB}/K	Reference, year
Technique	Method	Melting diagnostic	p/GPa	T_M(T_H)/K	T_{M, ICB}/K	Reference, year
Theory	Ab initio DFT	Free energies	50–350	3020–6860	6680±600	Ref.[129], 1999
	Thermodynamics	Database	0–330	1811–5790	5790	Ref.[130], 2000
	AIMD	Free energies	60–330	2460–7100	7100	Ref.[131], 2000
	FP-MD	A single potential	100–330	2830–5400	5400±400	Ref.[132], 2000
	Ab initio DFT	Free energies	50–350	2550–6380^a	6210±600^a	Ref.[133], 2002
	Ab initio DFT	Free energies	50–350	2890–6510^b	6350±600^b	Ref.[133], 2002
	Thermodynamics	Free energy	58–462	2840–7240	6050	Ref.[134], 2003
	FP	Number of atoms	323–332	6270–6440	6370±100	Ref.[135], 2009
	Monte Carlo	Free energies	330	6900	6900±400	Ref.[136], 2009
	Thermodynamics	Database	0–353	1810–5080	4900	Ref.[137], 2010
	AIMD	Free energies	190–1500	4500–12500	6150	Ref.[138], 2013
	AIMD	Structure	0–365	1700–6740	6350	Ref.[139], 2015
	Thermodynamics	Database	107–350	3790–6020	5880	Ref.[140], 2017
	AIMD	Free energies	330	6170	6170±200	Ref.[141], 2018
	SMM	LC	0–350	1810–5720	5570	Ref.[142], 2021
Static	LH-DAC(s)	Textural	0–102	1750–4180	7600±500	Ref.[143], 1987
		Motion	16–197	2220–3860	4850±200	Ref.[144-145], 1993
		Visual bservation	0–144	1811–3530	6130±350	Ref.[146], 1994
		XRD	11–80	2100–3090		Ref.[147-148], 2004
		XRD	60–105	2750–3510	5800±200	Ref.[149], 2004
		XRD	27–130	2580–3180		Ref.[150], 2008
		SMS	20–82	2220–3030		Ref.[151], 2013
		Fast XRD	57–158	3140–4470	6230±500	Ref.[10], 2013
		XANES	75–117	2840–3090		Ref.[152], 2015
		SMS	19–60	2120–2800	5700±200	Ref.[153], 2016
		XANES	43–133	2660–4700		Ref.[154], 2018
	RH-DAC	Resistivity	6–290	1900–5360	5500±220	Ref.[155], 2019
Dynamic (shock wave)	TSLGG	SVD	40–400	655–10024^c	5800±500	Ref.[156], 1986
	TSLGG	T-p discontinuity	202–301	5500–9370^*	7600±500	Ref.[143], 1987
	TSLGG	T-p discontinuity	203–300	5200–8990^*	7800±500	Ref.[157], 1987
	TSLGG	T-p discontinuity	159–339	4460–8360^*	6830±500	Ref.[119], 1993
	TSLGG	SVD	84–171	4380–5440^e*	6000	Ref.[158-159], 2001
	PG	SVD	14–73	1820–2780^f	5300±400	Ref.[160], 2002
	TSLGG	SVD	225–260	5100–6100^d	6350±500	Ref.[40], 2004
	HP laser	SED	50–150	4000–5000^#	7800±1200	Ref.[41], 2005
	HP laser	EXAFS	90–560	1320–8160^#	6400	Ref.[161], 2013
	TSLGG	SVD	73–127	3240–3680^e	5885±500	Ref.[162], 2009
	HP laser	XANES	260–420	5680–10800^#		Ref.[163], 2015
	HP laser	EXAFS	40–500	660–17000^#		Ref.[164], 2016
	HP laser	XRD	144–273	3100–5560^#	6400	Ref.[120], 2020
	TSLGG	SVD	120–256	4250–5500^*	5950±500	Ref.[47], 2020
Note: Superscript lowercase letters “a” and “b” represent the theoretical results of ab initio molecular dynamics simulation without and with free-energy correction, respectively; “c” and “d” represent that the Hugoniot temperatures were calculated based on the measurements of sound velocities of iron and preheated iron, respectively; “e” represents the porous iron was used in shock compression experiments; “*” represents that the Hugoniot temperatures were measured by a multi-channel quasi-spectral optical pyrometer; “#” represents that the Hugoniot temperatures were calculated through thermodynamic calculations based on the results of dynamic compression experiments of high power laser loading.

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1. 方法和模型
1.1 样品、设备和挤压实验方法
1.2 有限元模型
1.3 可靠性验证
2. 结果和讨论
2.1 实验数据及分析
2.2 准静态挤压工况下的电池失效影响因素分析
2.3 不同冲击工况下电池失效的影响因素分析
3. 结　论

Fe高压熔化线的实验研究进展

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20210859

作者简介: 甘 波（1994－），男，博士研究生，主要从事冲击波物理与地球物理研究.E-mail：ganbo325@stu.scu.edu.cn

通讯作者: 张友君（1986－），男，博士，副研究员，主要从事高压物理与地球物理研究.E-mail：zhangyoujun@scu.edu.cn

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