Dynamic Behavior of 3D Printed Graded Gyroid Structures under Impact Loading
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摘要: 利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对均匀及梯度Gyroid结构进行准静态与动态压缩数值模拟，分析其应力分布、变形模式、承载能力以及吸能特性。对3D打印的316L不锈钢试样实施了单轴拉伸实验，获取了相应的材料参数，建立了Gyroid结构有限元模型，进而对其动态力学响应进行了数值仿真。结果表明：均匀结构呈现出较均匀的变形模式，梯度结构为低密度端向高密度端传播的逐层变形模式；两种结构均呈现明显的应变率敏感性，且负梯度结构的应变率敏感性最明显；在相同的加载速度下，负梯度结构的吸能效率最高，且具有最低的支撑端应力，是最佳的防护结构。研究结果可为冲击载荷下防护结构的设计选型提供参考。Abstract: The quasi-static and dynamic compression properties of uniform and graded Gyroid structures were studied by using the commercial software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The stress distributions, deformation mode, loading bearing and energy absorption abilities were analyzed accordingly. Some numerical material parameters of SLM (selective laser melting) printed 316L stainless steel was obtained by tensile tests. Finite element models of Gyroid structure were established, and the dynamic mechanical response was numerically simulated. The results indicate that the uniform structure performs relatively uniform deformation patterns, while the graded specimen shows deformation propagation from the low density end to the high density end. All the studied structures show obvious strain rate sensitivities, which is the most apparent in the negative structures. Moreover, the negative gradient structure absorbs the most energy and possesses the smallest supporting stresses compared with the other structures under the similar loading velocity, which denotes that the negative arrangement is the perfect protect structures. The results can provide guidance for the design of the protect structures under impact loading.
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图 1 t与Gyroid结构相对密度的关系
Figure 1. Relationship of t and relative density of the Gyroid structures
图 3 SLM打印的316L不锈钢试样的工程应力-应变曲线
Figure 3. Engineering stress-strain curve of SLM printed 316L stainless steel specimens
图 4 SLM打印的均匀TPMS结构冲击实验与数值模拟对比
Figure 4. Comparison of the experiment and numerical simulation of the SLM printed TPMS structures under impact loading
图 5 均匀和梯度Gyroid结构在不同加载速度下的冲击端应力-应变曲线
Figure 5. Impact end stress-strain curves of the uniform and graded Gyroid structures under different loading velocities
图 6 均匀结构（a）、正梯度结构（b）、负梯度结构（c）的准静态能量吸收效率曲线以及不同加载速度下各结构的密实应变（d）
Figure 6. Efficient energy curves of uniform structures (a), positive gradient structures (b) and negative gradient structures (c) under quasi-static loading, and the densification strain of different structures under different loading velocities (d)
图 7 不同结构冲击端和支撑端的屈服应力对比
Figure 7. Stress comparison between the impact end and support end of different structures
图 8 均匀和梯度Gyroid结构在30 m/s加载速度下的变形模式：（a）均匀结构，（b）正梯度结构，（c）负梯度结构
Figure 8. Deformation evolution of the uniform and graded Gyroid structures under v = 30 m/s: (a) uniform structures, (b) positive gradient structures, (c) negative gradient structures
图 9 冲击波模式下均匀结构（a）和负梯度结构（b）的应力-应变曲线
Figure 9. Stress-strain curves of the uniform (a) and negative gradient (b) structures under shock wave
图 10 冲击波模式下均匀结构（a）和负梯度结构（b）的变形模式
Figure 10. Deformation evolution of the uniform (a) and negative gradient (b) structures under shock wave modes
图 11 不同加载速度下各结构的比吸能对比
Figure 11. Comparison of specific energy absorption between different structures under different loading velocities
表 1 不同加载条件下各结构冲击端屈服应力
$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{y}} $ 、平台应力$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}} $ 和应力放大因子${\sigma _{{\rm{DIF}}}}$ Table 1. Impact end yield stress
$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{y}} $ , plateau stress$ {\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}} $ , and stress increased factors${\sigma _{{\rm{DIF}}}}$ of different structures under different loading velocitiesStructures v/(m·s−1) $\sigma{\rm{_y}} $/MPa $\sigma{\rm{_p}}$/MPa $\sigma{\rm{_{DIF}}}$ Uniform structures 1 26.80 39.86 1.00 10 50.20 61.56 1.87 30 74.00 66.91 2.76 50 96.64 70.02 3.61 Positive gradient structures 1 14.81 44.87 1.00 10 21.66 61.54 1.46 30 30.60 77.04 2.07 50 68.68 78.70 4.64 Negative gradient structures 1 15.69 40.86 1.00 10 48.53 75.24 3.09 30 70.61 76.76 4.50 50 139.68 81.14 8.90 
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