纳米金属的塑性形变和细晶强化

周晓玲; 陈斌

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20200625

纳米金属的塑性形变和细晶强化

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20200625

周晓玲,
陈斌^*, ,

北京高压科学研究中心，上海　201203

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（11621062, 11772294，11811530001）；国家自然科学基金委-中国工程物理研究院NSAF联合基金（U1530402）

详细信息

作者简介:
周晓玲(1990－)，女，博士，主要从事高压力学研究. E-mail：zhouxiaoling2013@126.com

通讯作者:
陈　斌(1968－)，男，博士，研究员，主要从事高压物理研究. E-mail：chenbin@hpstar.ac.cn

中图分类号: O521.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-10-12
- 修回日期: 2020-11-10

Plastic Deformation and Size Strengthening of Nanometals

ZHOU Xiaoling,
CHEN Bin^{*
, ,}

Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China

摘要

摘要: 高压技术已被引入纳米材料研究约30年。早期的纳米材料研究主要采用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、红外光谱等方法表征材料的结构转变和状态方程。近年来，我们采用径向金刚石对顶砧X射线衍射结合透射电镜的方法，扩展了对纳米金属塑性形变的探索，成功地在3 nm的小尺寸纳米晶中探测到位错活动的证据，发现偏位错和形变孪晶主导了20 nm以下纳米金属的塑性形变。利用该技术，我们观察到镍纳米晶晶粒旋转对晶粒尺寸依赖性的逆转，发现镍纳米晶体的强化可以扩展到3 nm。与传统技术相比，高压技术在将机械载荷施加到纳米尺寸样品上并在原位或离位表征结构和机械性能方面更具优势，从而有助于揭示微纳力学的奥秘，在多尺度材料力学中架起桥梁。这些发现有助于制造具有更广泛应用前景的先进材料。
- 纳米金属 /
- 塑性形变 /
- 位错 /
- 晶粒转动 /
- 强度
Abstract: High pressure techniques have been introduced to nanomaterials research for about three decades. Most of the studies, especially in the earlier time, were mainly X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and infrared spectroscopy investigations on the structural transition and equation of state. In recent years, we extended the explorations for the plastic deformation of nanomaterials by employing radial diamond-anvil cell XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We have successfully probed the dislocation activities in 3 nm nanocrystals, but also seen that partial dislocations and deformation twinning dominate the plastic deformation below 20 nm. We have observed the reversal in the grain size dependence of grain rotation in nickel, and have found that the strengthening of nickel nanocrystals could be extended down to 3 nm. Compared with the traditional techniques, high pressure techniques are more advantageous in applying mechanical load to nanosized samples and characterizing the structural and mechanical properties in situ or ex situ, which could help to unveil the mysteries of mechanics at the nanoscale and bridge the knowledge on the material mechanics at the multiscale. With these knowledges, more advanced materials could be fabricated for wider and specialized applications.
- nanometal /
- plastic deformation /
- dislocation /
- grain rotation /
- strength

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图 1 (a) 径向衍射实验用全景压机，(b) 3 nm镍粉在38.5 GPa压力下的XRD表征，(c) 反映3 nm镍在38.5 GPa下的形变织构信息的反极图^[4]

Figure 1. (a) Panoramic diamond anvil cell for radial XRD experiments, (b) unrolled XRD image of 3 nm nickel at 38.5 GPa, (c) inverse pole figure reflecting the deformation texture of 3 nm nickel at 38.5 GPa^[4]

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图 2 (a) 不同压力（应力）下WC标记晶粒的劳厄衍射斑点随金刚石的 ${(06{\bar 2})}$衍射斑的位置发生变化，表明标记晶粒发生了转动；(b)(c)不同应力下不同晶粒尺寸的纳米镍介质中的WC标记晶粒的转动角度不同（WC的晶轴比率c/a反映标记晶粒所处的应力状态，在相同的应力条件下，70 nm的镍介质中的WC晶粒转动角度最大）^[13]

Figure 2. (a) The position changes of WC Laue spots relative to the diamond ${(06{\bar 2})}$ diffraction spot at different pressures/stresses, indicating that the WC marker crystal rotates; (b)(c) the rotation angles of WC marker crystals in nickel media with different grain sizes at two different shear stress conditions (The lattice parameter ratio c/a of WC is used to reflect the shear stress conditions which WC marker crystals are exposed. At the same stress level, WC crystals in 70 nm nickel medium rotate the most.)^[13]

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图 3 (a)高压原位径向X射线衍射示意图；(b)不同晶粒尺寸的纳米镍的3个晶面的平均差应力-晶格应变曲线（平均差应力是统计镍的(111)、(200)和(220)晶面的差应力平均值，晶格应变则通过晶格参数的相对变化与常压下晶格参数的比值算出）^[34]

Figure 3. (a) Experimental setup of in situ high pressure radial XRD; (b) average differential stress-lattice strain curves of three lattice planes of nano nickel with different grain sizes (The average differential stress is calculated by averaging the differential stress of (111), (200) and (220) planes of nickel and the lattice strain is calculated by the relative changes of lattice parameters over the lattice parameter at ambient conditions.)^[34]

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