铝弹丸超高速撞击防护结构的研究进展

林健宇; 罗斌强; 徐名扬; 宋卫东; 柏劲松; 裴晓阳; 于继东; 李平

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20190774

铝弹丸超高速撞击防护结构的研究进展

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20190774

1.
中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所，四川绵阳　621999
2.
北京理工大学爆炸科学与技术国家重点实验室，北京　100081

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金（11702272）; 国家自然科学基金（11532012）

详细信息

作者简介:
林健宇（1987－），男，博士，助理研究员，主要从事多介质力学计算研究. E-mail：linjiany@mail.ustc.edu.cn

通讯作者:
宋卫东（1975－），男，博士，教授，主要从事材料与结构冲击动力学研究. E-mail：swdgh@bit.edu.cn

中图分类号: O347; V423
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-05-13
- 修回日期: 2019-05-21

Progress of Aluminum Projectile Impacting on Plate with Hypervelocity

1.
Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, Mianyang 621999, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

摘要

摘要: 以空间碎片防护为背景，回顾了超高速铝弹丸正撞击单层和双层铝合金防护结构的研究进展，讨论了目前针对超高速撞击的弹丸发射技术和数值模拟方法（如Euler方法、无网格方法等）的优缺点。数值模拟不仅建立在离散方法上，还需要提供准确的材料本构模型和状态方程。介绍了常用材料模型（包括Johnson-Cook、Steinberg-Guinan模型）和状态方程（包括Tillotson、ANEOS、SESAME、GRAY三相状态方程）。基于实验和数值模拟，目前对7 km/s以下的超高速撞击物理过程已经认识得比较清楚。对单层板，重点讨论了板的穿孔特征和孔径模型；对双层板，除了前板的穿孔外，还讨论了碎片云的分布特征、材料相变、碎片云的相态分布、弹丸形状的影响、碎片云的散布模型以及碎片云对后板造成的破坏特征。最后介绍了工程防护中较为重要的防护结构的弹道极限方程。单层板和双层板的弹道极限方程研究近年来取得了较大进展。本文回顾了国内外常用的弹道极限方程以及近年来新提出的理论模型和基于人工神经网络的模型等。
- 碎片云 /
- 高速撞击 /
- 弹道极限方程
Abstract: This paper focuses on the protection of debris clouds in space and the progress of the studies of Al projectile impacting on single shield and Whipple shields are discussed. The advantages and drawbacks of the widely used experimental method for launching hypervelocity projectile and numerical methods for hypervelocity impact such as Euler methods and meshfree methods are introduced. The numerical simulation is usually based on the constitutive laws and the equation of states. In this paper we have reviewed the constitutive law including Johnson-Cook and Steinberg-Gruinan, while for the equation of states we include the Tillotson, ANEOS, SESAME, GRAY. The mechanics and physics for the hypervelocity impact below 7 km/s are now well understood based on the progresses made by the experiments and numerical simulations. Then, for the single shield we mainly focus on the perforation by the projectile and the models predicting the hole size. For the Whipple shield we have discussed the characteristics of the debris clouds evolution, the phase states of the materials, the models predicting the evolution of the debris clouds and damage features of the second wall of the Whipple structure induced by the debris clouds. Finally we discussed the ballistic limit equations which are very important to the protection in the engineering. Great progresses have been achieved for the ballistic equations for the single and double shields structures based on the experiments and numerical simulations. We have discussed the commonly used ones and the models which are newly developed recently including theoretical models and the models from artificial intelligence.
- debris clouds /
- hypervelocity impact /
- ballistic limit equation

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图 1 横截面图和孔洞形状^[154]（左侧横截面图的上方为撞击侧，箭头为横截面图放大的位置）

Figure 1. Cross-sections and the shape of the hole^[154]（Cross sections are shown with the impacted side toward the top of the page. Arrow in hole indicates where material in micrograph was obtained.）

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图 2 Rosenberg公式^[161]与实验^[154]的对比（虚线斜率分别为0.95和1.05）

Figure 2. Comparison between Rosenberg’s model^[161] and experiments^[154] (The slopes of dashed lines are separately 0.95 and 1.05.)

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图 3 数值模拟^[76]和实验^[62]对比（v=6.15 km/s，撞击时间分别是8.1 ${\text{μ}}{\rm{s}}$、23.2 ${\text{μ}}{\rm{s}}$，初始弹丸形状叠加在图中）

Figure 3. Comparison of debris from calculation （top）^[76] and experiment （bottom）^[62] （v=6.15 km/s, time at 8.1 ${\text{μ}}{\rm{s}}$ and 23.2 ${\text{μ}}{\rm{s}}$, the initial shape of the projectile is also shown in the left picture.）

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图 4 二阶Euler数值模拟和实验^[62]对比（v=6.15 km/s，撞击时间是8.1 ${\text{μ}}{\rm{s}}$）

Figure 4. Comparison of 2^nd Eulerian simulation and experiment^[62]（v=6.15 km/s, time at 8.1 ${\text{μ}}{\rm{s}}$）

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图 5 不同厚度下碎片云的变化^[166]

Figure 5. Debris clouds of different thicknesses of the plate^[166]

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图 6 碎片云随弹丸速度变化^[166]（t/D=0.049）

Figure 6. Debris clouds for different velocities of the projectile^[166] （t/D=0.049）

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图 7 （a）（b） Mo和Pb弹丸高速撞击碎片云形态对比^{[169, 171]}；（c） Pb弹丸数值模拟密度云图^[136]；（d） MPM数值模拟结果^[110]；（e）铝弹丸的数值模拟相态分布^[153]（红色为气态，绿色为液态，淡蓝色为固态）

Figure 7. （a）（b） Comparison of the debris clouds of Mo and Pb projectiles^{[169, 171]}; （c） density clouds from the simulation of Pb projectile^[136]; （d） results from MPM simulation; （e） phase clouds from the simulation of Al projectile^[153]（ red for gases, green for liquids and cyan for solids）

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图 8 弹丸质量相同但形状不同的碎片云分布

Figure 8. The distribution of debris cloud generated by hypervelocity impact of projectiles with the same mass and different shapes

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图 9 三维SPH模拟柱状弹丸撞击刚性壁的温度云图

Figure 9. The temperature cloud diagram of the cylindrical projectile impacting rigid wall by 3D SPH simulation

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图 10 六种不同速度下三维模拟得到的电荷数随时间变化

Figure 10. The charges change with time at six different impact velocities by 3D simulation

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图 11 相同速度、不同角度碰撞产生的等离子体电量

Figure 11. Plasma charges generated along different impacting angles under the same impact velocity

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图 12 相同碰撞速度、不同撞击角度下产生等离子体引发的磁感应强度随时间变化曲线

Figure 12. The time-depedent magnetic induction intensity generated by hypervelocity impacts at different impact angles under the same impact velocity

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图 13 直径为6.35 mm的铝弹丸以5 km/s撞击1 mm厚铝板碎片云模型^[184]与SPH模拟对比

Figure 13. Comparison between the model and the simulation of SPH^[184] （The diameter of the Al projectile is 6.35 mm, the velocity is 5 km/s and the thickness of the Al plate is 1 mm.）

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图 14 中低速后撞击板损伤破坏特征：（a）（b）取自文献[185]；（c）取自文献[184]

Figure 14. The damage patterns impacted by low and medium velocity: （a）（b） are from Ref.[185] and （c） is from Ref.[184]

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图 15 高速撞击后板损伤破坏特征^[186]

Figure 15. The damage patterns for high speed projectile^[186]

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图 16 数值模拟结果与二级轻气炮实验结果的比较

Figure 16. Comparions between simulation and two-stage light gas gun experiment

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图 17 ANN的弹道极限曲线与JSC模型（BLE）的比较

Figure 17. Comparison between ANN model and JSC （BLE） ballistic model

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表 1 实验加载方式和典型克/亚克级发射参数

Table 1. Experimental methods and typical parameters for projectile with mass in gram or sub-gram

Methods	Year	Material	Velocity/（km·s^–1）	Shape	Mass/g	Comments and sources
Three-stage light gas gun	1993	Al	9.52	Flyer plate	0.78	Sandia National Laboratories^[48]
Three-stage light gas gun	2017	Al	10.1	Flyer plate	0.22	Institute of Fluid Physics^[49]
Magnetically driven device	2011	Al	45	Flyer plate	0.79	Z accelerator, Sandia National Laboratories^[50]
	2014	Al	8.7	Flyer plate	0.12	CQ-4, Institute of Fluid Physics^[51]
	2014	Al	11.5	Flyer plate	0.15	PTS, Institute of Fluid Physics^[52]
Electric gun	2019	Mylar	10	Flyer plate	0.30	Institute of Fluid Physics
ISCL （Inhibited Shaped Charge Launcher）	1995	Al	11.16	Cylinder	1.02	Southwest Research Institute^[53]

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表 2 铝平面对称碰撞时相变对应的速度和压力

Table 2. The velocity of the Al projectile and the pressure from impacting

Source/Phase change	Incipient melting due to release	Complete melting due to release	Incipient vaporization due to release	Complete vaporization due to release
Hopkins et al.^[169]	2.7 km/s, 65 GPa	3.38 km/s, 89 GPa
Anderson et al.^[170]	2.85 km/s, 71 GPa	3.45 km/s, 94 GPa	5.2 km/s, 174 GPa
Bjork^[171]			6.2 km/s, 225 GPa	2700 GPa
Shockey et al.^[172]	2.6–3.6 km/s	3.3–4.6 km/s	5.5–7.5 km/s	12.5–16.5 km/s
Pierazzo et al.^[173]	73 GPa	106 GPa	315 GPa

Source/Phase change	Incipient melting due to shock	Complete melting due to shock
Tang^[153]	125 GPa	160 GPa

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表 3 弹丸质量相同、形状不同所得到碎片云的参数

Table 3. The parameters of debris cloud generated by hypervelocity impact of projectiles with the same mass and different shapes

Shape of projectile	Dimensions	Mass/g	Axial length/mm	Radical length/mm
Sphere	$\varnothing $5.02 mm	0.180 89	44.5	40.5
Cylinder	$\varnothing $5.02 mm×4.6 mm	0.182 61	46.5	44.0
Disk	$\varnothing $5.02 mm×1.0 mm	0.181 06	45.5	32.2

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