冲击载荷下Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>陶瓷的失效与破碎特性

孙晓波; 高玉波; 徐鹏

doi:10.11858/gywlxb.20180695

冲击载荷下Al₂O₃陶瓷的失效与破碎特性

doi: 10.11858/gywlxb.20180695

中北大学理学院，山西太原　030051

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（11702257）

详细信息

作者简介:
孙晓波（1994－），男，硕士研究生，主要从事陶瓷颗粒的抗侵彻机理研究. E-mail：1448938878@qq.com

通讯作者:
徐　鹏（1969－），男，博士，教授，主要从事爆炸与冲击动力学研究. E-mail：xptjl972@163.com

中图分类号: O347.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-12-03
- 修回日期: 2019-01-03
- 刊出日期: 2019-07-25

Failure and Fracture Characteristics of Al₂O₃ Ceramics under Impact Loading

College of Science, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China

摘要

摘要: 作为典型的脆性材料，陶瓷对变形具有高度敏感性，在强动载荷下具有完全不同于延性金属材料的损伤、破坏行为等力学响应特性。采用分离式霍普金森杆测试系统对Al₂O₃陶瓷进行了冲击加载试验，获得了陶瓷的动态抗拉/压力学性能，以及材料破碎特性随应变率的变化关系。利用能量守恒和动力学的理论方法，对脆性陶瓷材料在不同应变率下的力学特性和碎片尺度进行了深入研究。结果表明：在冲击载荷作用下，Al₂O₃陶瓷的抗拉和抗压强度均与应变率呈正相关。Al₂O₃陶瓷试样在一维应力波作用下的破碎颗粒尺寸差异较大，随着加载应变率的增加，破碎的陶瓷颗粒总数增大，颗粒平均粒径减小，应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。采用DID模型模拟的脆性材料碎片尺度与实验结果比较吻合，Grady模型源于韧性材料的推广，与实验结果的偏差较大。
- Al₂O₃陶瓷 /
- 应变率效应 /
- 破碎尺度 /
- 冲击加载
Abstract: As one of the typical brittle materials, ceramics are highly sensitive to deformation. Under strong dynamic loads, it exhibits mechanical response characteristics completely different from ductile metal materials which involve damage and destructive behavior. In this study, the split Hopkinson bar test system is used to carry out impact loading tests on Al₂O₃ ceramics obtaining the dynamic tensile/compressive properties of the ceramics, as well as the relationship of fracture characteristics with strain rate. In addition, the mechanical properties and fragment size of brittle ceramic materials under different strain rates are further studied by using the theoretical methods of energy conservation and dynamics. The results show that the tensile and compressive strength of Al₂O₃ ceramics is positively correlated with strain rate under impact loading. Furthermore, the particle sizes of Al₂O₃ ceramic samples vary greatly under the action of the one-dimensional stress wave. With the increase of loading strain rate, the total number of broken ceramic particles will increase and the average particle size will decrease, while the influence of stress concentration will gradually weaken. Finally, the fragment size of brittle materials simulated by the DID model is consistent with the experimental results. However, Grady model is derived from the fact that the generalization of ductile materials is quite different from the experimental results.
- Al₂O₃ceramics /
- effects of strain rate /
- broken scale /
- impact loading

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图 1 改进的分离式霍普金森压杆

Figure 1. Schematic of modified split Hopkinson pressure bar

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图 2 巴西圆盘试样设计

Figure 2. Design of the Brazilian disc sample

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图 3 动态压缩实验的典型信号

Figure 3. Typical signal of dynamic compression experiments

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图 4 应力-应变曲线

Figure 4. Stress-strain curves

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图 5 动态加载下Al₂O₃的破坏模式((a)和(b)的试样尺寸为$\varnothing$10 mm×8 mm^[12]；(c)和(d)的试样尺寸为$\varnothing$5.5 mm×11.0 mm)

Figure 5. Fractured mode of Al₂O₃ ceramic under dynamic tests ((a) and (b): specimen size $ \varnothing$10 mm×8 mm^[12]; (c) and (d): specimen size $\varnothing$5.5 mm×11.0 mm)

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图 6 Al₂O₃陶瓷不同应变率下动态抗压/拉强度

Figure 6. Dynamic compressive and tensile strength of Al₂O₃ ceramic under different strain rate

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图 7 动态巴西圆盘试样破坏模式

Figure 7. Fractured mode of dynamic Brazilian disc tests

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图 8 动态巴西圆盘实验典型信号

Figure 8. Typical signal of dynamic Brazilian disc tests

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图 9 应变率-应变曲线

Figure 9. Strain rate-strain curve

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图 10 陶瓷压缩碎片

Figure 10. Ceramic compression fragment

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图 11 理论模型与实际碎片尺寸对比

Figure 11. Comparison between theoretical model and actual debris size

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表 1 不同应变率下Al₂O₃陶瓷破碎颗粒尺寸

Table 1. Particle size of fractured Al₂O₃ ceramic under different strain rates

Grain size/${\text{μ}}{\rm m}$	Particle number
Grain size/${\text{μ}}{\rm m}$	238 s^–1	300 s^–1	364 s^–1	417 s^–1	600 s^–1	734 s^–1
<300	571	521	568	689	816	970
300–500	234	236	248	249	265	188
500–1000	38	71	88	74	151	127
1000–1500	69	146	115	99	80	39
>1500	34	28	29	23	22	31
Total particle number	946	1002	1048	1134	1334	1355
Average diameter/mm	344	335	330	323	318	299

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表 2 Al₂O₃陶瓷参数^[20]

Table 2. Parameters of Al₂O₃ ceramic^[20]

$ \rho $/（g·cm^–3）	E/GPa	c/(m·s^–1)	G_c/(N·m^–1)
3.869	290	8658	30

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表 3 抗拉/压强度随应变率的变化

Table 3. Tensile strength varies with strain rates

Tensile		Compression
$\dot \varepsilon$/s^–1	$ {\sigma _{\rm{t}}}$/GPa	$\dot \varepsilon$/s^–1	$ {\sigma _{\rm{c}}}$/GPa	${\dot \varepsilon _0}$/s^–1
178	0.127	238	3.25	8820
212	0.135	300	3.28	8902
248	0.146	364	3.34	9072
307	0.155	417	3.41	9282
340	0.165	600	3.49	9716
392	0.178	734	3.58	9934

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