Shock Initiation Thresholds of Heterogeneous Explosives with Elastic-Visco-Plastic Hot Spot Model
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摘要: 非均质炸药冲击起爆临界条件是武器传爆系列设计以及安全性能评估中十分关注的问题。基于Kim弹黏塑性热点模型，通过数值求解冲击波作用下炸药局部热点的温升模型，获得了TATB和HMX基炸药在不同冲击压力作用下的冲击起爆临界阈值，定量分析了孔隙度对炸药冲击起爆临界阈值的影响。与实验数据对比，结果表明：在1~10 GPa范围内，采用该模型计算得到的冲击起爆临界阈值与一维短脉冲试验相符，对应的炸药冲击起爆临界阈值近似为一常量；当压力大于10 GPa时，非均匀炸药的冲击起爆机制开始由局部热点机制向整体均匀加热机制转变；在一定压力范围内，炸药孔隙度越大，冲击起爆临界阈值越小。Abstract: The initiation criterion of heterogeneous explosives is important for weapon design and safety evaluation.In this paper, based on Kim's elastic-visco-plastic "hot-spot" model, we numerically solved a temperature rising model of a local hot-spot inside the explosive, and obtained the initiation thresholds for TATB and HMX under different shock loading pressures.We quantitatively analyzed the influence of explosives' porosities on the shock initiation thresholds, and compared the calculated thresholds with experimental results.We drew the following conclusions:under a pressure of 1-10 GPa, the calculated initiation thresholds agree well with the one-dimensional shock initiation experimental results; the corresponding initiation thresholds of the explosives are approximately constant; under a pressure above 10 GPa, as the pressure rises gradually, the dominant shock initiation mechanism of the heterogeneous explosives transforms from the uneven heating of the local hot spot, to the shock's direct heating of the bulk of the explosive.Furthermore, we also verified that, within a given pressure range, the initiation threshold dropped as the explosives' porosities increased.
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Key words:
- initiation criterion /
- hot spot model /
- elastic-visco-plastic /
- shock initiation
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图 1 热点形成过程温升计算结果
Figure 1. Calculated result of temperature rising in the hot-spot formative process
图 2 热点形成过程中导致温升的化学反应和塑性功作用比例
Figure 2. Proportion of temperature rising due to chemical reaction and plastic work in the hot-spot formative process
图 3 不同孔隙度下PBX-9404的冲击起爆阈值
Figure 3. Initiation thresholds of PBX-9404 with different porosities
表 1 计算炸药初始温度所需状态方程参数
Table 1. JWL & HOM EOS parameters for calculating initial temperature of unreacted explosives
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表 2 Kim空穴坍塌模型参数
Table 2. Parameters for Kim's pore collapse model
Explosive Frequency factor K0/Ms Activation temperature T*/K Specific heat cp/(103m2·s-2·K-1) Density ρ/(g·cm-3) Shear yield strength k/MPa HMX[16] 50 26 500 1.385 1.84 8.0 TATB[16] 31.8 30 140.8 2.005[17] 1.80 12.702[18] Explosive Chemical heat Q/(106m2·s-2) Thermal conductivity λ/(10-10m·s-1·K-1) Viscosity coefficient γ/s-1 Outer radius of pore ro/cm Inner radius of pore ri/cm HMX 5.439 8.0 300[12] 0.01 0.003 24 TATB 2.51 8.0 300[12] 0.01 0.003 24
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表 3 冲击脉冲压力、温升临界时间及对应起爆阈值计算结果
Table 3. Calculated result of impulse pressure, temperature rising time and corresponding initiation threshold
Pressure/GPa Time/ns Initiation threshold/(GPa2·ns) 25 20 11 4 400 15 65 14 625 10 215 21 500 9 277 22 437 8 362 23 168 7 485 23 765 6 671 24156 5 974 24 350 4 1522 24336 3 2 674 24066 2 5 877 23 508 1 22 869 22 869 0.60 64 980 23 392 0.55 78 355 23 702 0.50 96 911 24277 0. 45 124 914 25 295 0.44 132 530 25 657 0.43 141293 26 125 0.42 151635 26 748 0.40 181031 28 964 0.38
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